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science :((( > Organisation and Transport in Plants + Animals > Flashcards

Organisation and Transport in Plants + Animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is blood

A

A tissue consisting of plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells

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2
Q

Plasma

A

Yellow liquid that transports all blood cells and other substances (glucose, antibodies, hormones) around the body
e.g Carbon dioxide to the lungs, urea to the kidneys from the liver, small soluble products of digestion from the small intestine to your cells

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3
Q

Red blood cells

A

Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to transport it from lungs to tissues and cells, which need it for respiration.

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4
Q

oxygen and haemoglobin word equation

A

oxygen + haemoglobin <-> oxyhaemoglobin (reversible)

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5
Q

White blood cells

A

Bigger than red blood cells, wbc are part of the body’s defence system against harmful microorganisms
● Some produce antibodies
● Some form antitoxins
● Some ingest and digest bacteria and viruses

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6
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of cells which recognise damaged blood vessels and trigger blood clotting to prevent too much bleeding

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7
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function

A

● Biconcave disc shape – increased sa:v ratio which increases diffusion of oxygen
● Very small, can fit through tiny capillaries
● No nucleus – more space for haemoglobin.
● Packed with haemoglobin

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8
Q

Arteries

A

Take blood from heart to organs
Have thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres
Small lumen

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9
Q

Veins

A

Take blood from organs to heart
Thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow
Large lumen

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10
Q

Capillaries

A

Allow substances needed by cells to pass out of the blood
Allow substances produced by the cells to pass into the blood
Allow exchange of oxygen, co2, hormones etc
Narrow, very thin walls a single cell layer thick, narrow lumen
Diffusion distances are short

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11
Q

Why is a transport system needed

A

To circulate chemicals around the body - oxygen and glucose are needed for respiration by every cell and cells need to get rid of waste products e.g carbon dioxide and urea

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12
Q

Double circulation system process

A

Oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to the rest of the body
Oxygen leaves the blood in the body and the blood returns to the heart
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs
At the lungs, the blood receives oxygen and is pumped back to the heart

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13
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

Regulate natural resting heart rate, found in right atrium

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14
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Layers of fatty material build up in coronary arteries and narrow them, reducing blood flow to the heart
Reduces supply of oxygen to the heart muscle, resulting in pain, heart attacks, even death

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15
Q

How do stents work

A

Small cut in thigh, tube carrying a balloon inserted
When in place, balloon will inflate to expand the stent
Balloon deflates, stent is in place, artery is widened

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16
Q

Stents pros and cons

A

Increases blood flow
Cheap
No general anaesthetic
Patients will recover well
Will not work on very blocked arteries

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17
Q

How do statins work

A

Prescribed tablets that reduce blood cholesterol levels, thin blood

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18
Q

Statins pros and cons

A

Slows down the rate of fatty material deposit
Non invasive
No surgery risk - no concern
Have to take for life
Side effects
Patients may forget/od

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19
Q

How does a bypass operation work

A

Vein is taken from thigh and attached to the heart
Vein placed underneath the blockage, making an alternative route for blood flow

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20
Q

Pros and cons of bypass operation

A

Effective if the blockage is severe
General anaesthetic involved (risky)
Expensive

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21
Q

Leaky valves

A

Over time heart valves can become leaky or stiff, making the heart less efficient - can result in death if not treated

22
Q

Mechanical valves

A

Made of metal - titanium (blood does not react to) and polymer
Lasts a long time in the body
Requires open heart surgery
You need to take anti-clotting drugs for the rest of your life to prevent clotting around the artificial valve

23
Q

Biological valve

A

Comes from pig or cattle hearts and sometimes human donors
Pigs/cattle have ethical and religious issues attached
Work extremely well, no need for medication
Need to take immunosupressant
Only last 12-15 years, need replacing

24
Q

Artificial pacemakers

A

Electrical device which corrects irregularities in the heart rate, implanted into the chest
Sends strong, regular electric signals to heart to stimulate it to beat properly

25
Q

Pacemaker cells stop working

A

Beats too slow - cells dont get enough oxygen
Beats too fast - cannot pump blood properly

26
Q

Heart failure

A

Donor heart can be transplanted, but requires a donor heart to be available and many die waiting

27
Q

Artificial hearts

A

Can be used to keep patients alive while waiting for a heart transplant or to allow the heart to recover

28
Q

Respiratory system what goes on

A

Heart sends blood to lungs via pulmonary artery
Air obtained by breathing reaches lungs through trachea
Trachea divide in two tubes - bronchi
Bronchi divide forming bronchioles, then tiny air sacs alveoli
Alveoli - site of gas exchange
Blood taken back to lungs through pulmonary vein

29
Q

Alveoli

A

MAke gas exchnage more efficient, well adapted:
Rich supply of capillaries maintaining a concentration gradient
Close to capillaries so short diffusion distances
Spherical shape - large sa:v

30
Q

Inspiration (lol)

A

Diaphragm contracts, moves downwards
Intercostal muscles contract, moving ribcage up and out
Vloume of the thorax is increased
Pressur in the chest decreases, is now lower than air pressure outside, so air is drawn into the lungs

31
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm muscle relaxes and moves upwards
Intercostal muscles relax and ribcage falls down
Volume of thorax is decoreased
Pressur in the chest increases, is now greater than air pressure outside, so air is forced out of teh lungs

32
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Stops water loss due to photosynthesis

33
Q

Epidermis

A

Covers the outer surfaces of the plant for protection

34
Q

Palisade layer

A

COntains lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

35
Q

Spongy mesophyll layer

A

Air spaces between cells allow gases to diffuse through the leaf

36
Q

Xylem vessels

A

Transports water and minerals up through the plant, from roots to leaves

37
Q

Phloem vesseks

A

Transports sugars made in photosynthesis from leaves through the rest of the plant

38
Q

Stomata

A

Allow diffusion of gases in/out of the leaf, can be open and closed by guard cells.

39
Q

What do leaves need to photosynthesise?

A

Large surface area to absorb light, many chloroplasts containing chloropyll, a supply of water and co2, a system for carrying away the products of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

40
Q

Stomata conditions

A

Found in lower epidermis which is shaded and cooler; open during the day when carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis and excess oxygen can leave. AT night, stomata closes to prevent water vapour being lost when the plant can’t photosynthesise, can also close when the plant loses more water than it can replace

41
Q

Translocation

A

the movement of dissplved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant; these sugars are needed for respiration to release energy and provide materials for growth

42
Q

Xylem vs phloem

A

Dead vs alive
Lignin vs none
No end plates vs some
Water and mineral ions vs sugars and water
Up only vs up and down

43
Q

Water and mineral ions obtained

A

Water absorbed into roots via osmosis, carried by vascular bundle to leaves where it is used for photosynthesis
Mineral ions are obtained from the soil by plant roots via active transport and transported by xylem upwards to wherever needed

44
Q

Root hair cells adaptions

A

Large Sa:V ratio to increase rate of osmosis
Contains lots of mitochondria which release energy to provide energy needed for active transport

45
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation/loss of water in the leaves

46
Q

Process of transpiration

A

Water diffuses out of the stomata, replaced by other water through osmosis, this has a knock on effect through whole plant therefore water constantly enters the roots and is drawn up the xylem

47
Q

Rate of transpiration measure

A

Can be measured from a cut shoot by estimating the rate at which the shoot takes up water (only an estimate as some water is used in the leaf)

48
Q

Transpiration stream

A

Movement of water through the plant from the roots up to the leaves - driven by loss of water vapour from the leaves

49
Q

Temperature effect on transpiration

A

Higher temp = higher rate as more energy is transferred to the water to allow it to evaporate quicker

50
Q

Air flow rate effect on transpiration

A

Faster air flow = higher rate as wind will blow away water vapour allowing more to evaporate, if air is still moist air stays close to stomata so the concentration gradient is low

51
Q

Light effect on transpiration

A

Lighter = faster rate as stomata will open so more water can escape

52
Q

Humidity effect on transpiration

A

Less humidity = faster rate as air contains less water vapour so the concentration gradient for diffusion is higher

science :((( (13 decks)

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