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science :((( > Non Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Non Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Diseases caused by pathogens that can be passed from one person to another

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2
Q

Non communicable diseases

A

Diseases that are not infectious and affect
people as a result of the genetic make-up, lifestyle and/or factors in their environment.

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3
Q

Risk factor

A

Something that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

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4
Q

Poor diet

A

Obesity
Undernutrition
Diseases such as diabetes
Deficiencies

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5
Q

Smoking

A

Increased risk of cancers,
heart disease
Damage to organs

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6
Q

Alcohol consumption

A

Weight gain
Less restful sleep
Damages liver and
digestive system
Increased risk of cancers

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7
Q

Lack of exercise

A

Loss of muscle
Fatty deposits around heart
Therefore increased risk of
heart disease

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8
Q

Unsafe sex

A

Increased risk of STDs

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9
Q

Reasons why non-com diseases are bad

A

Communities have to support people who are ill
Costs nations huge sums of money
Global economy suffers as working age people are affected
Can lead to depression/mental illnesses

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10
Q

Cancer

A

Cell DNA is damaged during
multiplication of the cell
The damaged cells are usually stopped at
the checkpoints and either repaired or
destroyed
Damaged cells can sometimes sneak
through a checkpoint
The damaged cell multiplies to form a
tumour

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11
Q

Benign tumour

A

Growth of abnormal cells contained in one place, usually within a membrane
They do not invade other parts of the body but they can grow very large very
quickly
If it causes pressure or damage to an organ this can be life-threatening

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12
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Can spread around the body, invading neighbouring, healthy cells
Initial tumour may split up and release small clumps of cells into the blood stream
or lymphatic system
They circulate and are carried to different parts of the body where they may lodge
in another organ

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13
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Genetic risk factors
Mutations
Ionising radiation
Viral infection

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14
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in the genetic material
Chemicals e.g asbestos, cigarette tar can cause mutations

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15
Q

Carcinogens

A

Cancer causing agents

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16
Q

Ionising radiation

A

Ionising radiation such as UV light and X-rays can interrupt the normal cell cycle
and cause tumours to form

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17
Q

Viral infections

A

e.g. cervical cancer is almost always due to infection by HPV

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18
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Cancer cells are destroyed by a dose of radiation. It stops mitosis of the cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells

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19
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Chemicals are used to either stop the cells dividing or to make them ‘self-destruct’

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20
Q

What is in a cigarette

A

Tar
Carbon monoxide
Nicotine

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21
Q

Heart disease

A

A disease that affects how well your heart can carry out its job
Commonly it is due to the narrowing of the arteries that can reduce blood flow to
parts of the body including the heart

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22
Q

How smoking can also increase risk of CHD

A

Mixture of chemicals in cigarettes can lead to an increase in blood pressure
Damage the lining of the arteries and can increase the risk of a clot formation

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23
Q

How smoking can cause an infection

A

Chemicals in cigarettes can anaesthetise the cilia in the trachea and bronchi which allows pathogens and dirt to enter the lungs and can cause an infection

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24
Q

Tar bad effects

A

Accumulates in lungs turning them grey
It increases the risk of bronchitis
A build-up of tar can lead to a breakdown in the structure of alveoli causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Is a carcinogen

25
Q

COPD

A

COPD reduces the surface are to volume ratio of the lungs leading to severe
breathlessness and eventually death

26
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Carbon monoxide is found in tobacco smoke. It takes up some of the oxygen carrying-
capacity of your blood. After smoking a cigarette, up to 10% of the blood will be carrying carbon monoxide rather than oxygen.

27
Q

What can carbon monoxide lead to

A

This can lead to a shortage of oxygen, one reason why many smokers get more breathless
when they exercise than non-smokers.

28
Q

Smoking when pregnant

A

A foetus relies on the mother for oxygen. If there is carbon monoxide in the mother’s
blood the foetus doesn’t receive enough oxygen to develop properly.

29
Q

What can smoking when pregnant cause

A

Low birth weights
Premature births
Still births

30
Q

Why do you need some body fat

A

To cushion internal organs and act as an energy store

31
Q

Weight gain

A

If there is energy left over, this is converted to fat and stored around our bodies

32
Q

Weight loss

A

If you don’t eat enough, your fat stores are broken down and you will lose weight

33
Q

People with fast metabolism

A

The chemical reactions in their body work faster, which demands more energy

34
Q

People with low metabolic rate

A

Use energy more slowly/more difficult to lose weight

35
Q

Increase your metabolic rate

A

Exercise can, even when you have stopped exercising

36
Q

Why should you exercise

A

Fitter than people who don’t
exercise
Bigger muscles – muscle needs
more energy to be transferred
from food than fat (increased
metabolic rate)
Fitter hearts – better blood
supply
Bigger lungs
Balances the different
cholesterol – reduced risk of
fatty deposits in coronary
arteries

37
Q

Problems with being overweight

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular
diseases – more risk of fatty
deposits in arteries that can lead
to coronary heart disease
Lower metabolic rate –
increased risk of arthritis,
diabetes and high blood pressure

38
Q

How to test for diabetes

A

See if glucose is present in the blood by using Benedict’s reagent (will turn from blue to brick red)

39
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver

A

Liver breaks down alcohol and too much will cause scar tissue on the organ which cannot carry out vital functions

40
Q

Liver cancer

A

Alcohol is a carcinogen and can cause cancer in heavy drinkers. Liver cancer spreads quickly and is hard to treat

41
Q

Stomach lining erosion

A

Too much alcohol will cause erosion of the stomach lining causing problems with digestion

42
Q

Kidney failure

A

Too much alcohol can lead to kidney failure meaning fluids in the body can’t be regulated

43
Q

Brain damage

A

In some alcoholics, the brain becomes soft and pulpy and can no longer properly function

44
Q

How alcohol affects people

A

Relaxes
Slower reactions
Loss of inhibitions
Loss of coordination
Vomiting
Aggression/depression
Brain damage
Coma
Death

45
Q

Pregnancy/alcohol

A

Alcohol can pass across the placenta into the developing baby
The developing liver can’t cope with the alcohol like an adult liver can
Development of brain and body is affected

46
Q

What can alcohol/pregnancy lead to

A

Miscarriages, still births, premature births. low birth weights, learning disabilities, deformities, Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

47
Q

Ionising radiation

A

Penetrates the cells and damages the chromosomes, leading to mutations in the DNA which can lead to cancer - carcinogen

48
Q

Sources of ionising radiation

A

UV light (the sun, tanning beds)
Radioactive materials (in soil, water, air)
Medical and dental x-rays (x-ray machines)
Nuclear power plant accidents (plant + surrounding area

49
Q

Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes link

A

Cells stop responding to insulin, this is worse for people with obesity as fat cells are more restricted to insulin that muscle cells

50
Q

Exercise vs cardiovascular disease risk

A

Lowered by exercise as it keeps your blood pressure stable

51
Q

Smoking vs cardiovascular disease

A

Smoking can create fatty deposits in the heart’s arteries

52
Q

Contact inhibition

A

Process stopping additional cell growth when cells become crowded

53
Q

Use data

A

V important

54
Q

Why is a line graph appropriate

A

Continuous data

55
Q

Epidemiological studies

A

Look for diseases that are caused by different risk factors

56
Q

A good study

A

Looks at large number of people
Collects evidence to support/reject a link

57
Q

Correlation and causation

A

not the same! correlation doesn have evidence

58
Q

Correlation

A

Direct link between 2 things, evidence needed to back it up

59
Q

Casual mechanism

A

process by which a cause brings about an effect

science :((( (11 decks)

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