Organisation Flashcards
What changes occur when a cell differentiates?
- It may change shape
2. Different sub cellular structures develop to let it carry out a specific function
What are the adaptations and functions of a sperm cell? [4]
- Many Mitochondrion=> provides energy through respiration for their journey
- Tail=> propels sperm to fertilise the egg
- Acrosome=> contains enzymes to allow sperm to penetrate the outer layer of the egg
- Nucleus=> contains only one set of chromosomes
What are the adaptations and functions of a muscle cell? [2]
- Protein fibres=> allows for contraction
2. Many Mitochondrion=> provides energy for contraction
What are the adaptations and functions of a nerve cell? [2]
- Long Axon=> allows electrical impulses to be transmitted around the body
- Dendrites=> increase surface area so can connect to other nerve cells easily to transmit impulses
What are the adaptations and functions of a red blood cell? [2]
- Lack of organelles=> more room for haemoglobin
2. Bi-concave shape=> increased surface area for oxygen absorption
What are the adaptations and functions of Xylem? [2]
- Made up of dead cells forming a long hollow tube
- strengthened by lignin
- to transport water from roots to leaves (one way)
What are the adaptations and functions of Phloem?
- Arranged end to end forming tubes=> allows sugar through
- contains companion tubes
- Transports sugar around the plant
What are the adaptations and functions of Root hair cells? [2]
- Many Mitochondrion=> provides energy for active transport of minerals
- Long projection=>increase the surface area to absorb water and minerals
Muscular tissue
Contracts to allow movement
Glandular tissue
Produces substances such as enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue
Covers organs
Muscular tissue (in the stomach)
Churns the food
Glandular tissue (in the stomach)
Produces digestive juices
Epithelial tissue (in the stomach)
Covers the outside and inside of the stomach
Tissue
A group of cells with a similar structure and function which work together to do a job
Organ
A group of tissues which work together to preform a specific job
Organ system
A group of organs working together to do a particular job
Organism
A group of organ systems working together
What is the role of an Enzyme? [2]
- A biological Catalyst
2. Speeds up chemical reactions without taking part
What are the properties of an Enzyme? [3]
- Large protein
- Catalyse specific reactions
- Work best at a optimum pH and Temperature
The ‘Lock and key theory’? [3]
- Enzymes have a specific active site (lock)
- Chemical called a substrate (key) binds to a specific enzyme active site
- The reaction is catalysed and products are released
What is denaturing? [2]
- Extreme pH and/or temperature causes the active site of the enzyme to change shape
- Substrates can no longer fit inside=> reactions cannot be catalysed
What do digestive enzymes do? [3]
- Pass out of cells into digestive system to make contact with food molecules
- Break down large molecules into smaller molecules
- These can now be absorbed into the bloodstream
What are the 3 digestive enzymes?
- Amylase
- Protease
- Lipase
Where is Amylase produced?
- Salivary glands
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
Where and in what conditions is Protease produced?
- Stomach=> hydrochloric acid (acidic condition)
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
Where and in what conditions is Lipase produced?
- Pancreas
2. Small intestine (Bile=>alkaline condition)
What does Amylase do?
Starch=> sugars
What does Protease do?
Protein=> Amino acids
What does Lipase do?
Lipids=> glycerol and fatty acids
In what ways does Bile help enzyme digestion? [2]
- Neutralises hydrochloric acid from stomach=> optimum pH for enzymes
- Emulsifies large fat droplets to smaller fat droplets=> larger surface area for enzymes to work on
Where is Bile produced? [2]
- Produced in the liver
2. Stored in the gall bladder