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AQA GCSE Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A
  1. Contains genetic material

2. Controls the actions of a cell

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions occur

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls passage of substances in and out of cells

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are synthesized (protein synthesis)

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6
Q

Which 3 structures are found in plant but not animal cells?

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Permanent Vacuole
  3. Chloroplast
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7
Q

Cell wall

A
  1. Made of cellulose

2. Strengthens the cell

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8
Q

Permanent Vacuole

A
  1. Filled with cell sap

2. Supports the plant

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A
  1. Contains Chlorophyll

2. Absorb light to make glucose through photosynthesis

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10
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

A

Plant, animal and fungal cells

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11
Q

Examples of Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacterial cells

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12
Q

What are the 3 differences between prokaryote and eukaryote?

A

Prokaryotes:

  1. Are smaller
  2. do not contain mitochondia or chloroplasts
  3. Do not have DNA enclosed in a nucleus (Plasmids)
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13
Q

Plasmids

A
  1. Loops of DNA that can be transferred between cells

2. Allows bacterial cells to move genes

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14
Q

Flagella

A

Tail like structures which help bacteria cells move

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15
Q

Resolution

A

The ability to see two or more objects as seperate

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16
Q

Why are Electron microscopes better than light microscopes? [3]

A
  1. Passes electrons => much better resolution
  2. Higher magnification
  3. Fine detail
  4. Can see sub cellular structures and organelles
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17
Q

Formula for Magnification

A

Magnification= image size/ actual size

18
Q

Where are genes found in a cell?

A

Genes are found in DNA, which build up chromosomes, found in the Nucleus of a cell

19
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do Humans have?

A

23 pairs

20
Q

Describe the process of Mitosis

A
  1. One set of Chromosomes pulled to each end of the cell
  2. Nucleus divides
  3. Cytoplasm and Cell membranes divide to form two identical cells
21
Q

Why is Mitosis important? [3]

A

Provides cells for:

  1. Growth and development of multicellular organisms
  2. Repairing damaged tissues
  3. Asexual reproduction
22
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells which can divide to specialize into different types of cells

23
Q

Embryonic Stem cells

A
  1. Found in human embryos

2. Can specialize into all different types of cells

24
Q

Adult Stem cells

A
  1. Found in Organs and tissues such as bone marrow

2. Limited range of specializations

25
Q

What is the use of Stem cells?

A

Treating conditions caused by cell damage, e.g. Diabetes and paralysis by replacing them

26
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

To get Stem cells from cloned embryos

27
Q

What are the objections to Stem cell treatment?

A
  1. Ethical/ religious, e.g. lack of consent from embryo

2. Risk of viral infection transfer

28
Q

Describe the sources and uses of Stem Cells in plants

A
  1. Found in Meristems
  2. Allow plants to make cells for growth
  3. Can be used to clone plants
29
Q

Why are some plants cloned?

A
  1. To protect a rare species from extinction

2. Large numbers of identical crop plants with features, e.g. disease resistance can be made

30
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

31
Q

Examples of Diffusion

A

Oxygen in the alveoli (high conc) to blood (low conc)

32
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Concentration gradient
  2. Temperature (high= faster)
  3. Surface area (large SA= faster diffusion)
33
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

34
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of substances from areas of low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient) using energy from respiration

35
Q

Examples of Active Transport

A
  1. Allows mineral ions to be absorbed by plants
    2, Root hair cells
  2. Gut/ kidney tubules to blood
36
Q

Therapeutic Cloning Method [7]

A
  1. . Human egg cell from a donor is collected ​
  2. Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell ​
  3. Remove a body cell from the patient and extract the nucleus ​
  4. Nucleus is placed into empty egg cell ​
  5. Cells divide by mitosis and form an embryo ​
  6. Cells will differentiate to form organs ​
  7. Organ can now be used for transplant
37
Q

Disadvantages of Therapeutic Cloning

A
  1. high cost
  2. some cells mutate and cause tumours in patients
  3. extracting eggs = costly and painful
38
Q

Advantages of adult stem cells

A
  1. no risk or damage to embryos
  2. relatively safe procedure
  3. adults can give consent
  4. more reliable technique
39
Q

Advantages of embryonic stem cells

A
  1. can specialize into any type of tissue to help treat diseases
  2. safe cost for drug development
  3. painless procedure
  4. can grow large numbers of embryos in lab
40
Q

disadvantages of adult stem cell

A
  1. risk of infection from procedure
  2. painful procedure
  3. only used to treat some diseases
41
Q

disadvantages of embryonic stem cell

A
  1. no consent from embryos
  2. cells can grow out of control = cancer
  3. may be rejected by the body
  4. patients must takes drugs for the rest of their lives
  5. transfer of viral infection
42
Q

Advantages of Therapeutic Cloning

A
  1. no tissue rejection
  2. no donor needed= no long waiting time
  3. potential to create organs

AQA GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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