Infection and Response Flashcards
Pathogens
Bacteria or virus that can cause illness
How can pathogens be spread? [4]
- Direct contact
- Air
- Water
- Vector
Name the prevention methods for spread of infectious disease [4]
- Simple hygiene
- Destroying Vectors
- Isolating affected individuals ( cannot pass on )
- Vaccinating at-risk individuals
How do virus spread?
- Live and reproduce inside cell
2. Damage caused by bursting out of cell
What are the symptoms of measles? [2]
- Fever
2. Red skin rash
What type of pathogen is measles and how is it spread?
- Virus 2. Coughing or sneezing
How is measles prevented?
Vaccination
What type of pathogen is HIV and how is it spread? [3]
- Virus 2. Sexual contact
3. Exchange of bodily fluids, e.g. needles
How does HIV turn into AIDS?
- Virus enters the lymph node
2. Attacks immune cells
What is AIDS?
When the body’s immune system is damaged and so cannot fight other infections or cancers
How can AIDS be prevented?
Anti-viral drugs can only delay the process
How can bacteria cause damage? [2]
- reproduce rapidly 2. release toxins- damage tissues = cause illness
Salmonella
A type of food poisoning caused by bacteria
How is salmonella spread? [2]
- Bacteria present in uncooked food or food prepped in unhygienic condition
- These are ingested
What are the symptoms of Salmonella and why?
- Bacteria secrete toxins
2. They cause fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
How can the spread of salmonella be prevented?
- Treatment: Poultry vaccinated against salmonella
2. Prevention: Clean surface before cooking => ensure meat is cooked thoroughly
Gonorrhoea
A STD caused by bacteria
How is Gonorrhoea spread?
Sexual contact
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea? [2]
- Green/ yellow discharge from penis/vagina
2. Pain whilst urinating
How can Gonorrhoea be prevented/ treated?
- Penicillin used to be used=> resistant strains formed
- Now treats with antibiotics
- Prevented using condoms
Describe how Malaria is transmitted? [2]
- mosquito is the vector
2. When bitten, a person receives the protist
How can malaria be prevented/ treated?
- Kill vector (bug spray)
- Stop biting (mosquito nets)
- Antimalarial drugs (treat infection)
What type of disease is Rose Black Spot?
A fungal plant disease
How is RBS spread?
- When spores are carried plant to plant by air or water
2. Plant to plant on hands, clothing or tools
What are the symptoms of RBS? [3]
- Enlarged black patches on leaves
- Dropping leaves
- Small black lesions on stem
- Can lose ALL leaves if badly affected
How can RBS be prevented/ treated?
- Fungicide
2. Removing and destroying affected leaves
Non Specific Defenses
= First line defence
stops pathogens from entering body= general defences => not specific to fight against certain types of pathogens
What is the role of Cilia? [2]
- Creates a wave like motion
2. To push mucus away from lungs
What is the role of Tears? [2]
- Enzymes in tears
2. Destroy microorganisms
What is the role of the Nose? [2]
- Contains hairs and mucus
2. trap particles which may contain pathogens