Homeostasis and Response Flashcards
Homeostasis
The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism in response to internal or external changes
Why is Homeostasis important? [2]
- Constant condition for Enzyme Action
2. And Cell Function
What 3 things does Homeostasis control?
- Blood glucose Concentration
- Body Temperature
- Water and Ion levels
When Glucose levels are high… [4]
- Glucose level RISES
- Pancreas releases INSULIN
- Glucose converted into GLYCOGEN (stored- liver or muscle cells)
- Glucose level FALLS and returns to NORMAL
When Glucose Levels are low… [5]
- Glucose levels are LOW
- Pancreas releases GLUCAGON
- Glucagon stimulates glycogen to be converted into glucose
- Glucose released into the blood
- Glucose level RISES and returns to NORMAL
When body temperature is too high… [3]
- blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries dilate
- more blood flows through the skin
= Vasodilation - more heat is lost
- sweat glands release more sweat to cool the body => by evaporation
When body temperature is too low… [3]
- blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict
- Reduces blood flow through the skin
=Vasoconstriction - less energy (heat) is lost to the surroundings
- ‘shivering’ bymusclecontraction
release heat energy
from respiration, some of which is lost as heat - Sweat glands produce less sweat
What is the optimum body temperature for humans?
37 Degrees Celsius
Describe how reflex actions take place [6]
- Stimulus / heat detected bytemperature receptors in skin
- Impulses travel along sensory neurone to spinal cord
- Chemical transmission across synapse
- Via relay neurone
- Impulses to the motor neurone
- Muscle / effector contracts, moving the hand away
How do synapses pass on impulses? [3]
- When impulse reaches the end of a neurone a chemical is released.
- Chemical diffuses across the gap
- Converted back into electrical impulses
Cerebral Cortex
Consciousness, intelligence, memory and language
Cerebellum
Coordinating muscular activity and balance
Medulla
Unconscious activity-controlling breathing, heart beat
Hypothalamus
Maintains homeostasis- controls body temperature
Pituitary gland
Produces hormones which coordinate and control body systems
How can we map areas of the brain? [3]
- Studying patients with brain damage (Phineas Gage)
=Explosive accident blew an iron rod through Gages skull. after accident polite and hardworking => wild, unreliable and rude
=Modern scans show that the accident removed part of cerebral cortex - Electrically stimulating parts of the brain (behavioural changes)
=Stimulate different parts of the brain and see effect.
=NO sensory nerve endings, brains surgery done on conscious patients
=> People experience hunger, anger, fear and thirst because relevant areas of brain are stimulated - Using MRI scan
=Tumor or stroke will affect a persons behaviour
=> MRI shows which areas are affected
=> Scientist can link loss of function (loss of speech or movement) to damages in particular region of the brain
Why is it difficult to investigate and treat brain disorder? [3]
- Very complex and delicate
- Drugs do not always reach the brain
- Surgery is difficult because it is not fully understood what each area of the brain actually does
- Range of different chemicals released in the synapse
- involves many neurones in different areas
Sclera
White outer layer of Eye- strong and tough (not easily damaged)
What are the functions and adaptations of the Cornea? [3]
- Transparent part of your eye=> allows light entry
2. Curved surface of cornea- => change the light rays coming into eye
Iris
Controls the size of pupil
Suspensory ligament and ciliary muscle
Change the shape of the lens=> fine focus light onto the retina
Retina
Light sensitive layers of cells
Optic Nerve
Carries impulses from the retina to the brain
Myopia
Short Sightedness
Hyperopia
Long Sightedness
What are the causes of Myopia? [2]
- Lens too curved/ long eyeball
2. => Light focuses in front of retina
What are the causes of Hyperopa? [2]
- Lens is too flat and thin/ short eyeball
2. => Light focuses behind retina
How can we treat Myopia? [2]
- Wear glasses with concave lens
2. => Spreads out light from distant objects (=> focuses light on retina)
How can we treat Hyperopia? [2]
- Wear glasses with convex lens
2. => brings light rays together more (=> focuses light on retina)
Hard contact lenses?[2]
- Last long time
2. Kept sterile to prevent infection
Soft contact lenses? [3]
- Made from flexible material => more comfortable
- Do not last as long
- Kept sterile to avoid infection
How can Laser Eye surgery treat Myopia? [2]
- Reduced thickness of Cornea
2. Refracts less light
How can Laser Eye surgery treat Hyperopia? [2]
- Change curve of Cornea
2. Effectively refracts light from close objects