Organisation 3 (B2) Flashcards
cause of coronary heart disease
build up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries
effect of coronary heart disease
oxygenated blood cannot get to the cardiac muscle
treatment of coronary heat disease
stents
cause of faulty heart valves
valves won’t open or close properly
effect of faulty heart valves
blood can leak or fl.ow in the wrong direction
treatment of faulty heart valves
biolgical valve transplant or mechanical valve can be inserted
what type of disease is cancer
non-communicable
why does cancer happen
the result of changes in DNA that lead to uncontrolled growth and divison
benign tumour
contained in one area of the body
malignant tumour
invade tissues and spread to different pats of the body to form secondary tumours
same cancers have _____ risk factors
genetic
carcinogens increase the rate of cancer by ___
changing/ damaging DNA
risk factors for heart/lung disease
drinking alcohol
diet
obesity
smoking
where are epidermal tissues
top layer of the leaf
waxy cuticle
reduce water loss from leaf
guard cells and stomata
guard cells open and close the stomata to control water loss and allow for gas exchange (O2 / CO2)
palisade cells
cells near the top surface of the leaf that are packed with chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
both adaptations maximise photosynthesis
how are Palisade mesophyll adapted
palisade cells
how are EPIDERMAL tissues adapted
waxy cuticle
guard cells and stomata
how is spongy mesophyll adapted
air spaces in the leaf between cells
air spaces in the leaf between cells
increase surface area for gas exchange so that co2 can diffuse into photosynthesising cells
how are xylem adapted
hollow tubes strengthened by lignin
how are the xylems adaptations useful
allows for transport of water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves
how are phloem adapted
cell sap moves from one phloem to another through the pores in end walls
how are the phloem adaptations useful
transports dissolved sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage (translocation)
meristem tissue
new cells (roots and shoot tips) are made here including root hair cells
adaptations for root hair cells
increased surface area
area for the uptake of water by osmosis
and mineral ions by active transport
what can be used to measure transpiration
Potometer is used to measure the amount of water lost over time
transpiration
the rate at which water is lost from the leaves of a plant
what is the transpiration stream
the column of water moving through the roots, stem and leaves
what can affect the rate of transpiration
temperature
humidity
air movement
light intensity
how cab heart failure be treated
transplant or artificial heart
