Organisation Flashcards
1
Q
Cells form tissues. Tissues form __________.
A
organs
2
Q
Organs are groups of ________ that perform similar functions.
A
tissues
3
Q
______ are groups of tissues that perform similar functions.
A
organs
4
Q
Organs are groups of tissues that _______ ______ __________.
A
perform similar functions
5
Q
What type of tissue produces digestive juices in the stomach?
A
glandular
6
Q
Which organ system coordinates the actions of the body?
A
nervous system
7
Q
Is the brain a cell, tissue or an organ?
A
organ
8
Q
Name the organs in the digestive system where digestion takes place.
A
- stomach
- small intestine
9
Q
Is a neurone a cell, organ or tissue?
A
cell
10
Q
What type of tissue contracts to bring about movement in an animal?
A
muscular
11
Q
Which organ system transports substances around the body?
A
cardiovascular system transports substances in blood
12
Q
What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?
A
cells
13
Q
What type of tissue is found in the stomach and is used to churn its contents?
A
muscular
14
Q
What type of tissue produces enzymes?
A
glandular
15
Q
The circulatory system, the nervous system and the digestive system are all examples of what?
A
organ systems
16
Q
An ________ _________ consists of a group of organs which work together to perform one or more functions.
A
organ system
17
Q
An organ system consists of a group of _______ which work together to perform one or more functions.
A
organs
18
Q
An organ system consists of a group of organs which work together to perform ___ __ _____ __________.
A
one or more functions
19
Q
True or false? Enzymes are made of proteins.
A
true
20
Q
Name one type of food group that is made from glycerol and fatty acids.
A
lipids
21
Q
What type of molecule is made from a long chain of amino acids?
A
protein
22
Q
True or false? Enzymes are described as biological catalysts because although they take part in biochemical reactions they are not used up in the process.
A
true
23
Q
High temperatures change an enzyme’s __________ and stop it working.
A
shape
24
Q
When a protein molecule permanently changes its shape on being heated, this is known as __________.
A
denaturing
25
What is the name given to biological catalysts?
enzymes
26
Lipases break down fats into fatty acids and which other chemical?
glycerol
27
What is the name of the enzyme that digests carbohydrates?
amylase
28
In which place is lipase NOT made?
gall bladder
29
What is the missing word? If an enzyme is heated to a temperature of 50°C it stops working permanently. The enzyme is said to have become __________.
denatured
30
True or false? The small intestine produces enzymes.
true
31
What type of protein is a catalyst for chemical reactions?
enzyme
32
Digestive enzymes break down food into molecules that are small enough to be... what?
absorbed into the bloodstream
33
Enzymes can be affected by acidity and alkalinity. What name is given to the scale that measures acidity and alkalinity?
pH scale
34
What type of molecule are enzymes made from?
proteins
35
What type of molecule is made from amino acids and acts as a biological catalyst?
enzyme
36
What process does not require enzymes?
osmosis
37
Which organ system is responsible for digesting and absorbing food?
digestive system
38
What is the name given to the theory that explains how a substrate fits the active site of an enzyme?
lock and key
39
What is the missing word? Enzymes are described as biological catalysts because they increase the __________ of biochemical reactions inside and outside living cells.
rate
40
True or false? The action of an enzyme upon its substrate is described as a "lock and key" mechanism.
true
41
What type of enzyme is produced in the stomach?
protease
42
Enzymes are catalysts which __________ the rate of a chemical reaction.
increase
43
__________ is the name given to the process of breaking down large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble food molecules with the use of enzymes.
digestion
44
Amylase enzyme is produced in the salivary glands, the small intestine and which other organ?
pancreas
45
Two functions of bile are to neutralise stomach acids and emulsifies... what?
fat
46
______ is absorbed by the large intestine
water
47
Water is absorbed by the ____ ___________
large intestine
48
Bile neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the stomach because bile is __________.
alkaline
49
What scientific name is given to the temperature or pH at which an enzyme works best?
optimum
50
True or false? All enzymes are proteins.
true
51
What type of chemical is formed when proteins are broken down?
amino acid
52
Name one type of substance that is broken down by lipase enzymes.
lipids
53
What substance is broken down by amylase in the mouth to form a sugar?
starch
54
What substance is produced by the stomach to lower the pH so that the stomach enzymes can work effectively?
hydrochloric acid
55
The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids, and what else?
proteins
56
What enzyme is produced in the salivary glands?
amylase
57
Temperature must be controlled in order to maintain the optimum temperature for what type of protein to work?
enzymes
58
The small intestine produces amylase, protease and which other enzyme?
lipase
59
What can be used to keep patients alive while they're waiting for a heart transplant?
artificial heart
60
Chemicals known as carcinogens are found in tobacco smoke. What disease do they cause?
lung cancer
61
Coronary heart disease leads to a lack of __________ blood getting to the heart muscle.
oxygenated
62
Name the organs that can be severely damaged by excessive alcohol consumption.
- liver
- heart
- brain
63
Obesity can lead to what disease, in which there is excess sugar in the blood?
type 2 diabetes
64
What do stents do?
hold the artery open in an area where you have a narrowing
65
What drugs can be used to lower blood cholesterol levels?
statins
66
What drugs are commonly used to lower the risk of heart and circulatory diseases?
statins
67
If a person takes in more food than is needed they will become overweight. What is the scientific name for being very overweight?
obesity
68
When someone drinks alcohol their reaction time is much __________ than normal.
slower
69
The person receiving an organ transplant is known as the recipient. What is the person supplying the transplant organ known as?
organ donor
70
After exposure to ionising radiation, cells can divide uncontrollably. This is known as what?
cancer
71
In which organ in the human body is alcohol broken down?
liver
72
__________ circulation becomes inefficient when a person has a faulty heart valve.
blood
73
__________ replicating in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
viruses
74
True or false? Drink driving is dangerous because the alcohol in the driver's body will decrease his reaction speed.
true
75
___-_________________ diseases are ones which cannot be passed from person to person.
non-communicable
76
Non-communicable diseases are ones which _________ be passed from person to person.
cannot
77
Non-communicable diseases are ones which cannot be passed from ______ __ ______.
person to person
78
Alcohol in the system can increase the chance of accidents. Which of the following effects of the alcohol could explain this?
slows reactions
79
What is the name of the medical condition characterised by high blood sugar levels?
diabetes
80
What name is given to the small mesh tube used to treat narrowed arteries?
coronary artery stent
81
Atherosclerosis occurs when fatty material builds up in the arteries. What disease is caused by this blocking the coronary artery?
coronary heart disease
82
Which organ of the body, other than the brain, is most at risk of damage from drinking excess alcohol?
liver
83
Health is the state of physical and __________ well-being. What is the missing word in this sentence?
mental
84
Which organ of the body is supplied with blood by the coronary arteries?
heart muscle
85
Name the waste gas transported around the body in the plasma.
carbon dioxide
86
Name the substance that is transported in the blood plasma from the liver to the kidneys.
urea
87
True or false? Blood is a tissue.
true
88
Which component of the blood transports the oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body?
red blood cells
89
Name the group of chemical messengers transported around the body in the plasma.
hormones
90
Which type of cell is being described in the following passage? The cell has a large surface area due to its biconcave shape. It is able to store lots of haemoglobin as it does not have a nucleus.
red blood cells
91
Which component of the blood transports carbon dioxide and urea in the body?
plasma
92
Name the red pigment that gives red blood cells their colour.
haemoglobin
93
Which of the components in blood helps the blood to clot at the site of a wound?
platelets
94
What name is given to the fluid component of blood?
plasma
95
Which of the following is NOT transported mainly in the plasma?
oxygen
96
Which plant organ transports substances up and down the plant?
stem
97
The ___________ __________ layer is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf.
palisade mesophyll
98
The palisade mesophyll layer is where most of the ________________ occurs in the leaf.
photosynthesis
99
The palisade mesophyll layer is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the ____.
leaf
100
Name the type of cells that give roots a greater surface area for absorption.
root hair cells
101
If a plant is losing water faster than it can be replaced by its roots, its stomata will __________.
close
102
The movement of water from the roots, through the plant and out of the leaves is known as the... what?
transpiration
103
Name the gas that plants need to take in from the air for photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide
104
Name some factors that affects transpiration rate.
- light intensity
- temperature
- humidity
105
What is the scientific name for the process by which water vapour evaporates from the leaves of a plant?
transpiration
106
True or false? The epidermis of leaves of plants absorbs water for photosynthesis.
false
107
Some weedkillers contain a plant auxin that causes some types of plant to lose their leaves. Name a process that occurs in a plant that will be affected by losing its leaves.
- photosynthesis
- transpiration
108
Which of these is an example of a plant organ?
stem
109
Which type of tissue is found covering the surface of leaves?
epidermal tissue
110
In which part of a plant are sugars produced?
leaves
111
Give the name of the cells that control the size of stomata in a leaf.
guard cells
112
True or false? Transpiration only moves materials from the roots to the leaves in an upwards direction.
true
113
stoma
a tiny pore bordered by guard cells
114
what is a a tiny pore bordered by guard cells?
stoma
115
Which type of tissue is found covering the organs of plants?
epidermal tissue
116
Name the plant tissue that transports sugars around a plant.
phloem
117
By which process does carbon dioxide enter a plant?
diffusion
118
Why do leaves have a flattened shape?
to give them a large surface area
119
Which plant organ absorbs the most light for photosynthesis?
leaf
120
In what type of plant tissue does translocation take place?
phloem
121
What plant tissue located at the tips of roots and shoots will differentiate into different plant cells?
meristem tissue
122
Where do plants on land get their ions from?
soil
123
The stomata in a leaf allow which gas to diffuse into the leaf from the air?
carbon dioxide
124
Name the tissues that are found in the veins of plants.
xylem and phloem tissues
125
Name the type of plant tissue in which most photosynthesis takes place.
palisade mesophyll layer
126
Name the gas produced by photosynthesis that is removed from a plant's leaves during the day.
oxygen
127
Most of the gaseous exchange that occurs in a plant happens in what organ?
leaves
128
Name the type of cells which transport water and minerals throughout plants.
xylem cells
129
What name is given to the pores in the surface of a leaf that allow gases in and out?
stomata
130
Name the transport tissue that transports water through a plant.
xylem tissue
131
What is an example of a plant tissue?
xylem tissue
132
Xylem is strengthened by what substance?
lignin
133
Name the other important substance, besides water, that a plant absorbs using its roots.
mineral ions
134
As well as minerals and nutrients, what else do plants obtain from soil?
water
135
Which plant organ absorbs water?
root
136
Which tissue transports water around a plant?
xylem tissue
137
Through which part of a plant does the plant absorb minerals?
root
138
Which type of transport moves sugars around the plant?
translocation
139
How many different types of transport tissue do plants contain?
2
140
Most of the water vapour lost from a plant is lost from the... what?
leaves
141
Which plant parts carry amino acids and sugars?
phloem
142
True or false? The gas exchange area of leaves is decreased by their internal air spaces.
false
143
Which tissue transports sugar around a plant?
phloem
144
Name the plant tissue that transports mineral ions around a plant.
xylem
145
Which part of a plant is responsible for absorbing most of the water the plant needs?
roots
146
what is a tube delivering air from the atmosphere to the lungs and removing air from the lungs to atmosphere.
trachea
147
trachea
a tube delivering air from the atmosphere to the lungs and removing air from the lungs to atmosphere
148
Name the type of blood vessel that directly exchanges substances with body tissues.
capillaries
149
Is the blood that flows from the heart to the lungs under high pressure or low pressure?
low pressure
150
__________ have walls that are only one cell thick to allow efficient exchange of materials.
capillaries
151
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
152
Which contains more carbon dioxide: air breathed in or air breathed out?
air breathed out
153
How many separate circulations of blood are there in a human?
2
154
The sinoatrial node is a group of cells in the right atrium of the heart. It acts as a natural pacemaker, which means that it controls the __________ __________.
heart rate
155
Which system in the human body can be described as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure the one-way flow of blood?
circulatory system
156
__________ have thick, muscular walls to withstand high blood pressure.
arteries
157
Is the blood in arteries oxygenated or deoxygenated (apart from the pulmonary artery)?
oxygenated blood
158
Which of the following is NOT a way that the lungs are well adapted for gas exchange:
lined with villi
159
_______ are organs which remove waste carbon dioxide from the body.
lungs
160
Name the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
alveoli
161
Give the scientific name of the system that transports blood around the body.
circulatory system
162
What is the substance that moves from the air to the bloodstream via the lungs?
oxygen
163
Which type of blood vessel can begin to narrow and restrict blood flow due to old age or an unhealthy lifestyle?
arteries
164
Is the blood that flows from the heart to the body under high pressure or low pressure?
high pressure
165
What cells in the blood help defend against infection?
white blood cells
166
Which type of blood vessel is the smallest?
capillary
167
Name the type of blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the rest of the body.
veins
168
Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
arteries
169
Which type of blood vessel has the thinnest walls?
capillaries
170
Which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?
arteries
171
Artery walls contain muscle and what kind of fibres?
elastic fibres
172
Name the structures that increase the surface area of the lungs in humans.
alveoli
173
In what organ of the human body would you find the alveoli?
lungs
174
What is the wall of the heart mainly composed of?
muscle tissue
175
Name the organ that pumps blood around the body.
heart
176
Which contains more oxygen: air breathed in or air breathed out?
air breathed in
177
What is the substance that moves from the bloodstream to the air via the lungs?
carbon dioxide
178
What is the function of the valves in the circulatory system?
to ensure that the blood flows in the correct direction
179
Is the blood in veins oxygenated or deoxygenated (apart from the pulmonary vein)?
deoxygenated
180
Which type of blood vessel contains valves?
veins
181
what is the process by which cells become specialised for a particular job called?
differentiation
182
differentiation occurs during the __________ of multicellular organisms
development
183
differentiation occurs during the development of _____________ ___________
multicellular organisms
184
what does glandular tissue do?
makes and secretes chemicals
185
what are some of the chemicals that glandular tissue makes and secretes?
- enzymes
- hormones
186
what organs make up the digestive system?
- glands (pancreas and salivary)
- stomach
- liver
- small intestine
- large intestine
187
what does the glands do? (pancreas and salivary glands)
produces digestive juices
188
what does the liver do?
produces bile
189
what does the small intestine do?
absorbs soluble food molecules
190
what does the large intestine do?
absorbs water from undigested food
191
what are all proteins made up of?
chains of amino acids
192
in the “lock and key” model of enzyme action, what is meant by the “key”?
substrate
193
in the “lock and key” model of enzyme action, what is meant by the “lock”?
active site
194
what is the optimum pH for most enzymes?
pH 7 (neutral)
195
what can you use to detect starch?
iodine solution
196
if starch is present the iodine solution will change from browny-orange to ____-_____.
blue-black
197
if starch is present the iodine solution will change from ________-_______ to blue-black.
browny-orange
198
how do u calculate the rate of reaction after an experiment?
rate= 1000 / time
199
where are the 3 places where amylase is made?
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- small intestine
200
where are the 3 places where proteases are made?
- stomach
- pancreas
- small intestine
201
________________ convert carbohydrates into simple sugars.
carbohydrases
202
carbohydrases convert _______________ into simple sugars.
carbohydrates
203
carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into ______ ______.
simple sugars
204
__________ converts proteins into amino acids.
proteases
205
proteases converts __________ into amino acids.
proteins
206
proteases converts proteins into _______ ______.
amino acids
207
where are the 2 places where lipases are made?
- pancreas
- small intestine
208
_______ converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
lipases
209
lipases converts ______ into glycerol and fatty acids
lipids
210
lipases converts lipids into ________ and fatty acids
glycerol
211
lipases converts lipids into glycerol and _____ _____
fatty acids
212
____ neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
bile
213
bile ____________ stomach acid and emulsifies fats
neutralises
214
bile neutralises __________ ____ and emulsifies fats
stomach acid
215
bile neautralises stomach acid and ___________ fats
emulsifies
216
bile neautralises stomach acid and emulsifies _____
fats
217
where is bile produced?
liver
218
where is 50% of the bile stored before it’s released into the small intestine?
gall bladder
219
what does the pancreas produce?
- protease
- amylase
- lipase
220
where are protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes produced?
pancreas
221
where are protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes released into?
small intestine
222
breaths per minute = _________ __ ________ / number of minutes
number of breaths
223
________ ___ _________ = number of breaths / number of minutes
breaths per minute
224
breaths per minute = number of breaths / ________ __ ________
number of minutes
225
what is the circulatory system made up of?
- heart
- blood
- blood vessels
226
The person supplying the transplant organ is known as the donor. What is the person receiving the organ transplant known as?
recipient
227
the valves in the heart prevents the blood from…
flowing backwards
228
what do arteries do?
carry blood away from the heart
229
what carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
230
what do veins do?
carry blood to the heart
231
what carries blood to the heart?
veins
232
___________ eventually join up to form veins
capillaries
233
capillaries eventually _____ __ to form veins
join up
234
capillaries eventually join up to form _____
veins
235
how do u calculate the rate of blood flow?
rate of blood flow = volume of blood / number of minutes
236
____ __ _____ ____ = volume of blood / number of minutes
rate of blood flow
237
rate of blood flow = _______ __ _____ / number of minutes
volume of blood
238
rate of blood flow = volume of blood / _______ __ ________
number of minutes
239
what do red blood cells carry?
oxygen
240
what is the shape of red blood cells?
biconcave disc
241
why are red blood cells shaped in a biconcave disc?
gives a large surface area for absorbing more oxygen
242
red blood cells don’t have a…
nucleus
243
why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?
allows more room to carry oxygen
244
what is haemoglobin?
a red pigment
245
what is the red pigment that is in red blood cells?
haemoglobin
246
in the lungs what does haemoglobin do?
binds to oxygen
247
when haemoglobin binds with oxygen in the lungs, what does it become?
oxyhaemoglobin
248
where does haemoglobin bind with oxygen?
lungs
249
in body tissues what does oxyhaemoglobin do?
splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells
250
white blood cells defend against __________
infection
251
_____ ______ ____ defend against infection
white blood cells
252
what is phagocytosis?
process where white blood cells change shape to eat unwelcome microorganisms
253
what do the process where white blood cells change shape to eat unwelcome microorganisms?
phagocytosis
254
True of False? Red blood cells have a nucleus
false
255
True of False? White blood cells have a nucleus
true
256
platelets help ______ ____ at a wound
blood clot
257
_________ help blood clot at a wound
platelets
258
True of False? Platelets have a nucleus
false
259
what are platelets?
small fragments of cells
260
Platelets help blood clot at a _______
wound
261
____ of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising
lack
262
lack of __________ can cause excessive bleeding and bruising
platelets
263
lack of platelets can cause excessive __________ ___ _________
bleeding and bruising
264
what is plasma?
pale straw-coloured liquid which carries just about everything
265
what is a pale straw-coloured liquid which carries just about everything?
plasma
266
what does plasma carry? (10)
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
- urea
- carbon dioxide
- hormones
- proteins
- antibodies and antitoxins
- glucose
- amino acids
267
how does coronary heart disease occur?
when coronary arteries that supply blood to muscle get blocked by layers of fat
268
what does coronary arteries that supply blood to muscle get blocked by layers of fat cause?
coronary heart disease
269
what are stents?
tubes inserted inside arteries
270
what are tubes inserted inside arteries?
stents
271
stents are a way of lowering the risk of…
a heart attack
272
stents keep arteries ____
open
273
______ keep arteries open
stents
274
stents keep _________ open
arteries
275
_______ reduce cholesterol in the blood
statins
276
statins ________ cholesterol in the blood
reduce
277
statins reduce cholesterol in the ______
blood
278
statins reduce ____________ in the blood
cholesterol
279
_______ are drugs that can reduce the amount of “bad” cholesterol present in the bloodstream
statins
280
statins are ______ that can reduce the amount of “bad” cholesterol present in the bloodstream
drugs
281
statins are drugs that can _______ the amount of “bad” cholesterol present in the bloodstream
reduce
282
statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of “___” cholesterol present in the bloodstream
bad
283
statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of “bad” cholesterol present in the _____________
bloodstream
284
_______ are a long-term drug that must be taken regularly
statins
285
statins are a ____-_____ drug that must be taken regularly
long-term
286
statins are a long-term _____ that must be taken regularly
drug
287
statins are a long-term drug that must be taken __________
regularly
288
what are some of the serious side effects statins can cause?
- kidney failure
- memory loss
- liver damage
289
what is the advantage of artificial heart?
less likely to be rejected by body’s immune system than a donor heart
290
what is less likely to be rejected by body’s immune system than a donor heart?
artificial heart
291
why is an artificial heart less likely to be rejected by body’s immune system than a donor heart
made from metal or plastics
292
surgery to fit an artificial heart can lead to…
bleeding and infection
293
valves in the heart can be damaged or weakened by…
- heart attacks
- infection
- old age
294
what can damage to the valves cause valve tissue to do?
stiffen, not open properly
295
what is a mechanical valve?
man-made valve
296
what is a biological valve?
valve taken from humans or other mammals
297
what is artificial blood
a blood substitute used to replace lost volume of blood
298
what is a blood substitute used to replace lost volume of blood?
artificial blood
299
how can severe damage to a heart valve be treated?
replaced with biological or mechanical valve
300
what things can cause communicable diseases?
- bacteria
- viruses
- parasites
- fungi
301
2 examples of communicable disease
- measles
- malaria
302
3 examples of non-communicable diseases
- asthma
- cancer
- coronary heart disease
303
people who have problems with their immune system have an increased chance of…
suffering from communicable diseases
304
____ _______ increase your chance of getting a disease
risk factors
305
risk factors __________ your chance of getting a disease
increase
306
risk factors increase your chance of getting a ________
disease
307
what diseases can smoking cause?
- cardiovascular disease
- lung disease
- lung cancer
308
what does smoking damage?
- the wall of arteries
- the cells in the lining of lungs
309
what are things that cause cancer known as?
carcinogens
310
what is an example of carcinogens?
ionising radiation
311
cancer is caused by _____________ ___ ________ ___ ________
uncontrolled cell growth and division
312
_______ is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division
cancer
313
benign
where tumour grows until there’s no more room
314
what it called when a tumour grows until there’s no more room?
benign
315
malignant
where tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues
316
what is it called when tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues?
malignant
317
what are some of the risk factors that can get you cancer?
- smoking
- obesity
- UV exposure
- viral infection
318
what are the main organs in a plant?
- stems
- roots
- leaves
319
what are plant organs made of?
tissue
320
what does epidermal tissue do?
covers the whole plant
321
which tissue covers the whole plant?
epidermal tissue
322
what does the palisade mesophyll tissue do?
where photosynthesis happens
323
which tissue is where photosynthesis happens?
palisade mesophyll tissue
324
what does the spongy mesophyll tissue do?
contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells
325
which tissue contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells?
spongy mesophyll tissue
326
what does the Xylem and Ploem tissue do?
transport essentials for the plant
327
what are the essentials that Xylem and Ploem tissue transport?
- water
- mineral ions
- food
328
which is the tissue that transports things around the plant?
Xylem and Ploem tissue
329
what does mesophyll mean?
middle of a leaf
330
the _____________ tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps them to reduce water loss by evaporation
epidermis
331
the epidermis tissues are covered with a _____ _______, which helps them to reduce water loss by evaporation
waxy cuticle
332
the epidermis tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps them to _______ water loss by evaporation
reduce
333
the epidermis tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps them to reduce ______ ____ by evaporation
water loss
334
the epidermis tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps them to reduce water loss by ______________
evaporation
335
the _______ ___________ is transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer
upper epidermis
336
the upper epidermis is _____________ so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer
transparent
337
the upper epidermis is transparent so that ______ can pass through it to the palisade layer
light
338
the upper epidermis is transparent so that light can pass through it to the _________ ______
palisade layer
339
what does the palisade layer contain a lot of?
chloroplasts
340
what layer contains a lot of chloroplasts?
palisade layer
341
where is the palisade layer positioned in a plant and why?
near the top so they can get the most light
342
what is the lower epidermis full of?
stomata
343
what is the main thing phloem tubes transport?
food substances
344
what are the food substances that ploem tubes transport?
dissolved sugars
345
phloem tubes are made of…
columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls
346
why do phloem tubes have small pores in the end walls?
to allow cell sap to flow through
347
which direction does phloem tubes transport?
both
348
what are xylem tubes made up of?
dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them
349
what is the material that strengthens xylem tubes?
lignin
350
what does xylem tubes transport?
water and mineral ions
351
where does xylem tubes transport their substances to and from?
from the roots to the stem and leaves
352
what is the movements of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves called?
transpiration
353
what is transpiration caused by?
the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant’s surface
354
where does most transpiration happen?
at the leaves
355
transpiration is the loss of water from the _____
plant
356
transpiration is the ____ of water from the plant
loss
357
transpiration is the loss of ______ from the plant
water
358
______________ is the loss of water from the plant
transpiration
