Organisation Flashcards
Cells form tissues. Tissues form __________.
organs
Organs are groups of ________ that perform similar functions.
tissues
______ are groups of tissues that perform similar functions.
organs
Organs are groups of tissues that _______ ______ __________.
perform similar functions
What type of tissue produces digestive juices in the stomach?
glandular
Which organ system coordinates the actions of the body?
nervous system
Is the brain a cell, tissue or an organ?
organ
Name the organs in the digestive system where digestion takes place.
- stomach
- small intestine
Is a neurone a cell, organ or tissue?
cell
What type of tissue contracts to bring about movement in an animal?
muscular
Which organ system transports substances around the body?
cardiovascular system transports substances in blood
What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?
cells
What type of tissue is found in the stomach and is used to churn its contents?
muscular
What type of tissue produces enzymes?
glandular
The circulatory system, the nervous system and the digestive system are all examples of what?
organ systems
An ________ _________ consists of a group of organs which work together to perform one or more functions.
organ system
An organ system consists of a group of _______ which work together to perform one or more functions.
organs
An organ system consists of a group of organs which work together to perform ___ __ _____ __________.
one or more functions
True or false? Enzymes are made of proteins.
true
Name one type of food group that is made from glycerol and fatty acids.
lipids
What type of molecule is made from a long chain of amino acids?
protein
True or false? Enzymes are described as biological catalysts because although they take part in biochemical reactions they are not used up in the process.
true
High temperatures change an enzyme’s __________ and stop it working.
shape
When a protein molecule permanently changes its shape on being heated, this is known as __________.
denaturing
What is the name given to biological catalysts?
enzymes
Lipases break down fats into fatty acids and which other chemical?
glycerol
What is the name of the enzyme that digests carbohydrates?
amylase
In which place is lipase NOT made?
gall bladder
What is the missing word? If an enzyme is heated to a temperature of 50°C it stops working permanently. The enzyme is said to have become __________.
denatured
True or false? The small intestine produces enzymes.
true
What type of protein is a catalyst for chemical reactions?
enzyme
Digestive enzymes break down food into molecules that are small enough to be… what?
absorbed into the bloodstream
Enzymes can be affected by acidity and alkalinity. What name is given to the scale that measures acidity and alkalinity?
pH scale
What type of molecule are enzymes made from?
proteins
What type of molecule is made from amino acids and acts as a biological catalyst?
enzyme
What process does not require enzymes?
osmosis
Which organ system is responsible for digesting and absorbing food?
digestive system
What is the name given to the theory that explains how a substrate fits the active site of an enzyme?
lock and key
What is the missing word? Enzymes are described as biological catalysts because they increase the __________ of biochemical reactions inside and outside living cells.
rate
True or false? The action of an enzyme upon its substrate is described as a “lock and key” mechanism.
true
What type of enzyme is produced in the stomach?
protease
Enzymes are catalysts which __________ the rate of a chemical reaction.
increase
__________ is the name given to the process of breaking down large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble food molecules with the use of enzymes.
digestion
Amylase enzyme is produced in the salivary glands, the small intestine and which other organ?
pancreas
Two functions of bile are to neutralise stomach acids and emulsifies… what?
fat
______ is absorbed by the large intestine
water
Water is absorbed by the ____ ___________
large intestine
Bile neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the stomach because bile is __________.
alkaline
What scientific name is given to the temperature or pH at which an enzyme works best?
optimum
True or false? All enzymes are proteins.
true
What type of chemical is formed when proteins are broken down?
amino acid
Name one type of substance that is broken down by lipase enzymes.
lipids
What substance is broken down by amylase in the mouth to form a sugar?
starch
What substance is produced by the stomach to lower the pH so that the stomach enzymes can work effectively?
hydrochloric acid
The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids, and what else?
proteins
What enzyme is produced in the salivary glands?
amylase
Temperature must be controlled in order to maintain the optimum temperature for what type of protein to work?
enzymes
The small intestine produces amylase, protease and which other enzyme?
lipase
What can be used to keep patients alive while they’re waiting for a heart transplant?
artificial heart
Chemicals known as carcinogens are found in tobacco smoke. What disease do they cause?
lung cancer
Coronary heart disease leads to a lack of __________ blood getting to the heart muscle.
oxygenated
Name the organs that can be severely damaged by excessive alcohol consumption.
- liver
- heart
- brain
Obesity can lead to what disease, in which there is excess sugar in the blood?
type 2 diabetes
What do stents do?
hold the artery open in an area where you have a narrowing
What drugs can be used to lower blood cholesterol levels?
statins
What drugs are commonly used to lower the risk of heart and circulatory diseases?
statins
If a person takes in more food than is needed they will become overweight. What is the scientific name for being very overweight?
obesity
When someone drinks alcohol their reaction time is much __________ than normal.
slower
The person receiving an organ transplant is known as the recipient. What is the person supplying the transplant organ known as?
organ donor
After exposure to ionising radiation, cells can divide uncontrollably. This is known as what?
cancer
In which organ in the human body is alcohol broken down?
liver
__________ circulation becomes inefficient when a person has a faulty heart valve.
blood
__________ replicating in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
viruses
True or false? Drink driving is dangerous because the alcohol in the driver’s body will decrease his reaction speed.
true
___-_________________ diseases are ones which cannot be passed from person to person.
non-communicable
Non-communicable diseases are ones which _________ be passed from person to person.
cannot
Non-communicable diseases are ones which cannot be passed from ______ __ ______.
person to person
Alcohol in the system can increase the chance of accidents. Which of the following effects of the alcohol could explain this?
slows reactions
What is the name of the medical condition characterised by high blood sugar levels?
diabetes
What name is given to the small mesh tube used to treat narrowed arteries?
coronary artery stent
Atherosclerosis occurs when fatty material builds up in the arteries. What disease is caused by this blocking the coronary artery?
coronary heart disease
Which organ of the body, other than the brain, is most at risk of damage from drinking excess alcohol?
liver
Health is the state of physical and __________ well-being. What is the missing word in this sentence?
mental
Which organ of the body is supplied with blood by the coronary arteries?
heart muscle
Name the waste gas transported around the body in the plasma.
carbon dioxide
Name the substance that is transported in the blood plasma from the liver to the kidneys.
urea
True or false? Blood is a tissue.
true
Which component of the blood transports the oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body?
red blood cells
Name the group of chemical messengers transported around the body in the plasma.
hormones
Which type of cell is being described in the following passage? The cell has a large surface area due to its biconcave shape. It is able to store lots of haemoglobin as it does not have a nucleus.
red blood cells
Which component of the blood transports carbon dioxide and urea in the body?
plasma
Name the red pigment that gives red blood cells their colour.
haemoglobin
Which of the components in blood helps the blood to clot at the site of a wound?
platelets
What name is given to the fluid component of blood?
plasma
Which of the following is NOT transported mainly in the plasma?
oxygen
Which plant organ transports substances up and down the plant?
stem
The ___________ __________ layer is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf.
palisade mesophyll
The palisade mesophyll layer is where most of the ________________ occurs in the leaf.
photosynthesis
The palisade mesophyll layer is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the ____.
leaf
Name the type of cells that give roots a greater surface area for absorption.
root hair cells
If a plant is losing water faster than it can be replaced by its roots, its stomata will __________.
close
The movement of water from the roots, through the plant and out of the leaves is known as the… what?
transpiration
Name the gas that plants need to take in from the air for photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide
Name some factors that affects transpiration rate.
- light intensity
- temperature
- humidity
What is the scientific name for the process by which water vapour evaporates from the leaves of a plant?
transpiration
True or false? The epidermis of leaves of plants absorbs water for photosynthesis.
false
Some weedkillers contain a plant auxin that causes some types of plant to lose their leaves. Name a process that occurs in a plant that will be affected by losing its leaves.
- photosynthesis
- transpiration
Which of these is an example of a plant organ?
stem
Which type of tissue is found covering the surface of leaves?
epidermal tissue
In which part of a plant are sugars produced?
leaves
Give the name of the cells that control the size of stomata in a leaf.
guard cells
True or false? Transpiration only moves materials from the roots to the leaves in an upwards direction.
true
stoma
a tiny pore bordered by guard cells
what is a a tiny pore bordered by guard cells?
stoma
Which type of tissue is found covering the organs of plants?
epidermal tissue
Name the plant tissue that transports sugars around a plant.
phloem
By which process does carbon dioxide enter a plant?
diffusion
Why do leaves have a flattened shape?
to give them a large surface area
Which plant organ absorbs the most light for photosynthesis?
leaf
In what type of plant tissue does translocation take place?
phloem
What plant tissue located at the tips of roots and shoots will differentiate into different plant cells?
meristem tissue
Where do plants on land get their ions from?
soil
The stomata in a leaf allow which gas to diffuse into the leaf from the air?
carbon dioxide
Name the tissues that are found in the veins of plants.
xylem and phloem tissues
Name the type of plant tissue in which most photosynthesis takes place.
palisade mesophyll layer
Name the gas produced by photosynthesis that is removed from a plant’s leaves during the day.
oxygen
Most of the gaseous exchange that occurs in a plant happens in what organ?
leaves
Name the type of cells which transport water and minerals throughout plants.
xylem cells
What name is given to the pores in the surface of a leaf that allow gases in and out?
stomata
Name the transport tissue that transports water through a plant.
xylem tissue
What is an example of a plant tissue?
xylem tissue
Xylem is strengthened by what substance?
lignin
Name the other important substance, besides water, that a plant absorbs using its roots.
mineral ions
As well as minerals and nutrients, what else do plants obtain from soil?
water
Which plant organ absorbs water?
root
Which tissue transports water around a plant?
xylem tissue
Through which part of a plant does the plant absorb minerals?
root
Which type of transport moves sugars around the plant?
translocation
How many different types of transport tissue do plants contain?
2
Most of the water vapour lost from a plant is lost from the… what?
leaves
Which plant parts carry amino acids and sugars?
phloem
True or false? The gas exchange area of leaves is decreased by their internal air spaces.
false
Which tissue transports sugar around a plant?
phloem
Name the plant tissue that transports mineral ions around a plant.
xylem
Which part of a plant is responsible for absorbing most of the water the plant needs?
roots
what is a tube delivering air from the atmosphere to the lungs and removing air from the lungs to atmosphere.
trachea
trachea
a tube delivering air from the atmosphere to the lungs and removing air from the lungs to atmosphere
Name the type of blood vessel that directly exchanges substances with body tissues.
capillaries
Is the blood that flows from the heart to the lungs under high pressure or low pressure?
low pressure
__________ have walls that are only one cell thick to allow efficient exchange of materials.
capillaries
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
Which contains more carbon dioxide: air breathed in or air breathed out?
air breathed out
How many separate circulations of blood are there in a human?
2
The sinoatrial node is a group of cells in the right atrium of the heart. It acts as a natural pacemaker, which means that it controls the __________ __________.
heart rate
Which system in the human body can be described as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure the one-way flow of blood?
circulatory system
__________ have thick, muscular walls to withstand high blood pressure.
arteries
Is the blood in arteries oxygenated or deoxygenated (apart from the pulmonary artery)?
oxygenated blood
Which of the following is NOT a way that the lungs are well adapted for gas exchange:
lined with villi
_______ are organs which remove waste carbon dioxide from the body.
lungs
Name the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
alveoli
Give the scientific name of the system that transports blood around the body.
circulatory system
What is the substance that moves from the air to the bloodstream via the lungs?
oxygen
Which type of blood vessel can begin to narrow and restrict blood flow due to old age or an unhealthy lifestyle?
arteries
Is the blood that flows from the heart to the body under high pressure or low pressure?
high pressure
What cells in the blood help defend against infection?
white blood cells
Which type of blood vessel is the smallest?
capillary
Name the type of blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the rest of the body.
veins
Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
arteries
Which type of blood vessel has the thinnest walls?
capillaries
Which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?
arteries
Artery walls contain muscle and what kind of fibres?
elastic fibres
Name the structures that increase the surface area of the lungs in humans.
alveoli
In what organ of the human body would you find the alveoli?
lungs
What is the wall of the heart mainly composed of?
muscle tissue
Name the organ that pumps blood around the body.
heart
Which contains more oxygen: air breathed in or air breathed out?
air breathed in
What is the substance that moves from the bloodstream to the air via the lungs?
carbon dioxide
What is the function of the valves in the circulatory system?
to ensure that the blood flows in the correct direction
Is the blood in veins oxygenated or deoxygenated (apart from the pulmonary vein)?
deoxygenated
Which type of blood vessel contains valves?
veins
what is the process by which cells become specialised for a particular job called?
differentiation
differentiation occurs during the __________ of multicellular organisms
development
differentiation occurs during the development of _____________ ___________
multicellular organisms
what does glandular tissue do?
makes and secretes chemicals
what are some of the chemicals that glandular tissue makes and secretes?
- enzymes
- hormones
what organs make up the digestive system?
- glands (pancreas and salivary)
- stomach
- liver
- small intestine
- large intestine
what does the glands do? (pancreas and salivary glands)
produces digestive juices
what does the liver do?
produces bile
what does the small intestine do?
absorbs soluble food molecules
what does the large intestine do?
absorbs water from undigested food
what are all proteins made up of?
chains of amino acids
in the “lock and key” model of enzyme action, what is meant by the “key”?
substrate
in the “lock and key” model of enzyme action, what is meant by the “lock”?
active site
what is the optimum pH for most enzymes?
pH 7 (neutral)
what can you use to detect starch?
iodine solution
if starch is present the iodine solution will change from browny-orange to ____-_____.
blue-black
if starch is present the iodine solution will change from ________-_______ to blue-black.
browny-orange
how do u calculate the rate of reaction after an experiment?
rate= 1000 / time
where are the 3 places where amylase is made?
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- small intestine
where are the 3 places where proteases are made?
- stomach
- pancreas
- small intestine
________________ convert carbohydrates into simple sugars.
carbohydrases
carbohydrases convert _______________ into simple sugars.
carbohydrates
carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into ______ ______.
simple sugars
__________ converts proteins into amino acids.
proteases
proteases converts __________ into amino acids.
proteins
proteases converts proteins into _______ ______.
amino acids
where are the 2 places where lipases are made?
- pancreas
- small intestine
_______ converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
lipases
lipases converts ______ into glycerol and fatty acids
lipids
lipases converts lipids into ________ and fatty acids
glycerol
lipases converts lipids into glycerol and _____ _____
fatty acids
____ neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
bile
bile ____________ stomach acid and emulsifies fats
neutralises
bile neutralises __________ ____ and emulsifies fats
stomach acid
bile neautralises stomach acid and ___________ fats
emulsifies
bile neautralises stomach acid and emulsifies _____
fats
where is bile produced?
liver
where is 50% of the bile stored before it’s released into the small intestine?
gall bladder
what does the pancreas produce?
- protease
- amylase
- lipase
where are protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes produced?
pancreas
where are protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes released into?
small intestine
breaths per minute = _________ __ ________ / number of minutes
number of breaths
________ ___ _________ = number of breaths / number of minutes
breaths per minute
breaths per minute = number of breaths / ________ __ ________
number of minutes
what is the circulatory system made up of?
- heart
- blood
- blood vessels
The person supplying the transplant organ is known as the donor. What is the person receiving the organ transplant known as?
recipient
the valves in the heart prevents the blood from…
flowing backwards
what do arteries do?
carry blood away from the heart
what carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
what do veins do?
carry blood to the heart
what carries blood to the heart?
veins
___________ eventually join up to form veins
capillaries
capillaries eventually _____ __ to form veins
join up
capillaries eventually join up to form _____
veins
how do u calculate the rate of blood flow?
rate of blood flow = volume of blood / number of minutes
____ __ _____ ____ = volume of blood / number of minutes
rate of blood flow
rate of blood flow = _______ __ _____ / number of minutes
volume of blood
rate of blood flow = volume of blood / _______ __ ________
number of minutes
what do red blood cells carry?
oxygen
what is the shape of red blood cells?
biconcave disc
why are red blood cells shaped in a biconcave disc?
gives a large surface area for absorbing more oxygen
red blood cells don’t have a…
nucleus
why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?
allows more room to carry oxygen
what is haemoglobin?
a red pigment
what is the red pigment that is in red blood cells?
haemoglobin
in the lungs what does haemoglobin do?
binds to oxygen
when haemoglobin binds with oxygen in the lungs, what does it become?
oxyhaemoglobin
where does haemoglobin bind with oxygen?
lungs
in body tissues what does oxyhaemoglobin do?
splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells
white blood cells defend against __________
infection
_____ ______ ____ defend against infection
white blood cells
what is phagocytosis?
process where white blood cells change shape to eat unwelcome microorganisms
what do the process where white blood cells change shape to eat unwelcome microorganisms?
phagocytosis
True of False? Red blood cells have a nucleus
false
True of False? White blood cells have a nucleus
true
platelets help ______ ____ at a wound
blood clot
_________ help blood clot at a wound
platelets
True of False? Platelets have a nucleus
false
what are platelets?
small fragments of cells
Platelets help blood clot at a _______
wound
____ of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising
lack
lack of __________ can cause excessive bleeding and bruising
platelets
lack of platelets can cause excessive __________ ___ _________
bleeding and bruising
what is plasma?
pale straw-coloured liquid which carries just about everything
what is a pale straw-coloured liquid which carries just about everything?
plasma
what does plasma carry? (10)
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
- urea
- carbon dioxide
- hormones
- proteins
- antibodies and antitoxins
- glucose
- amino acids
how does coronary heart disease occur?
when coronary arteries that supply blood to muscle get blocked by layers of fat
what does coronary arteries that supply blood to muscle get blocked by layers of fat cause?
coronary heart disease
what are stents?
tubes inserted inside arteries
what are tubes inserted inside arteries?
stents
stents are a way of lowering the risk of…
a heart attack
stents keep arteries ____
open
______ keep arteries open
stents
stents keep _________ open
arteries
_______ reduce cholesterol in the blood
statins
statins ________ cholesterol in the blood
reduce
statins reduce cholesterol in the ______
blood
statins reduce ____________ in the blood
cholesterol
_______ are drugs that can reduce the amount of “bad” cholesterol present in the bloodstream
statins
statins are ______ that can reduce the amount of “bad” cholesterol present in the bloodstream
drugs
statins are drugs that can _______ the amount of “bad” cholesterol present in the bloodstream
reduce
statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of “___” cholesterol present in the bloodstream
bad
statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of “bad” cholesterol present in the _____________
bloodstream
_______ are a long-term drug that must be taken regularly
statins
statins are a ____-_____ drug that must be taken regularly
long-term
statins are a long-term _____ that must be taken regularly
drug
statins are a long-term drug that must be taken __________
regularly
what are some of the serious side effects statins can cause?
- kidney failure
- memory loss
- liver damage
what is the advantage of artificial heart?
less likely to be rejected by body’s immune system than a donor heart
what is less likely to be rejected by body’s immune system than a donor heart?
artificial heart
why is an artificial heart less likely to be rejected by body’s immune system than a donor heart
made from metal or plastics
surgery to fit an artificial heart can lead to…
bleeding and infection
valves in the heart can be damaged or weakened by…
- heart attacks
- infection
- old age
what can damage to the valves cause valve tissue to do?
stiffen, not open properly
what is a mechanical valve?
man-made valve
what is a biological valve?
valve taken from humans or other mammals
what is artificial blood
a blood substitute used to replace lost volume of blood
what is a blood substitute used to replace lost volume of blood?
artificial blood
how can severe damage to a heart valve be treated?
replaced with biological or mechanical valve
what things can cause communicable diseases?
- bacteria
- viruses
- parasites
- fungi
2 examples of communicable disease
- measles
- malaria
3 examples of non-communicable diseases
- asthma
- cancer
- coronary heart disease
people who have problems with their immune system have an increased chance of…
suffering from communicable diseases
____ _______ increase your chance of getting a disease
risk factors
risk factors __________ your chance of getting a disease
increase
risk factors increase your chance of getting a ________
disease
what diseases can smoking cause?
- cardiovascular disease
- lung disease
- lung cancer
what does smoking damage?
- the wall of arteries
- the cells in the lining of lungs
what are things that cause cancer known as?
carcinogens
what is an example of carcinogens?
ionising radiation
cancer is caused by _____________ ___ ________ ___ ________
uncontrolled cell growth and division
_______ is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division
cancer
benign
where tumour grows until there’s no more room
what it called when a tumour grows until there’s no more room?
benign
malignant
where tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues
what is it called when tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues?
malignant
what are some of the risk factors that can get you cancer?
- smoking
- obesity
- UV exposure
- viral infection
what are the main organs in a plant?
- stems
- roots
- leaves
what are plant organs made of?
tissue
what does epidermal tissue do?
covers the whole plant
which tissue covers the whole plant?
epidermal tissue
what does the palisade mesophyll tissue do?
where photosynthesis happens
which tissue is where photosynthesis happens?
palisade mesophyll tissue
what does the spongy mesophyll tissue do?
contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells
which tissue contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells?
spongy mesophyll tissue
what does the Xylem and Ploem tissue do?
transport essentials for the plant
what are the essentials that Xylem and Ploem tissue transport?
- water
- mineral ions
- food
which is the tissue that transports things around the plant?
Xylem and Ploem tissue
what does mesophyll mean?
middle of a leaf
the _____________ tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps them to reduce water loss by evaporation
epidermis
the epidermis tissues are covered with a _____ _______, which helps them to reduce water loss by evaporation
waxy cuticle
the epidermis tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps them to _______ water loss by evaporation
reduce
the epidermis tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps them to reduce ______ ____ by evaporation
water loss
the epidermis tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps them to reduce water loss by ______________
evaporation
the _______ ___________ is transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer
upper epidermis
the upper epidermis is _____________ so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer
transparent
the upper epidermis is transparent so that ______ can pass through it to the palisade layer
light
the upper epidermis is transparent so that light can pass through it to the _________ ______
palisade layer
what does the palisade layer contain a lot of?
chloroplasts
what layer contains a lot of chloroplasts?
palisade layer
where is the palisade layer positioned in a plant and why?
near the top so they can get the most light
what is the lower epidermis full of?
stomata
what is the main thing phloem tubes transport?
food substances
what are the food substances that ploem tubes transport?
dissolved sugars
phloem tubes are made of…
columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls
why do phloem tubes have small pores in the end walls?
to allow cell sap to flow through
which direction does phloem tubes transport?
both
what are xylem tubes made up of?
dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them
what is the material that strengthens xylem tubes?
lignin
what does xylem tubes transport?
water and mineral ions
where does xylem tubes transport their substances to and from?
from the roots to the stem and leaves
what is the movements of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves called?
transpiration
what is transpiration caused by?
the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant’s surface
where does most transpiration happen?
at the leaves
transpiration is the loss of water from the _____
plant
transpiration is the ____ of water from the plant
loss
transpiration is the loss of ______ from the plant
water
______________ is the loss of water from the plant
transpiration
