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Infection and Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

True or false? Gonorrhoea causes pain when urinating.

A

true

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2
Q

True or false? Fungicides are a type of pesticide.

A

true

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3
Q

Measles, HIV and TMV are all examples of what type of communicable disease?

A

viruses

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4
Q

What does TMV stand for?

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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5
Q

Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists can cause disease. Because of this, they are examples of what?

A

pathogens

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6
Q

Rose black spot disease can be treated by using a type of pesticide called a __________.

A

fungicides

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7
Q

True or false? Pathogens can only infect animals.

A

false

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8
Q

What disease is being described here? It is a serious viral illness that can be fatal if there are complications, and most children are vaccinated against it.

A

measles

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9
Q

Which type of blood cell does the HIV virus attack?

A

white blood cells called lymphocytes

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10
Q

What type of medicine can be used to treat gonorrhoea?

A

antibiotics

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11
Q

What is the disease that HIV develops into?

A

Aids

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12
Q

What does Aids stand for?

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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13
Q

What type of plant disease is the tobacco mosaic disease?

A

viral

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14
Q

What name is given to microorganisms that cause disease?

A

pathogens

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15
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

a protist

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16
Q

Name the bacterial disease with symptoms of a thick green or yellow discharge from the genitals and pain when urinating.

A

gonorrhoea

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17
Q

HIV can be transmitted through…

A
  • broken skin (wounds)
  • blood
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18
Q

Which type of microorganism causes gonorrhoea?

A

bacteria

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19
Q

A certain disease causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal. The spread of this disease is reduced by preventing mosquitos from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten. What disease is this?

A

malaria

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20
Q

What do bacteria release that make us feel ill?

A

toxins

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21
Q

Name the disease in plants that causes a ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration.

A

TMV

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22
Q

How is the measles virus spread?

A

contact with saliva or mucus

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23
Q

What system in the body is affected by HIV/AIDS?

A

immune system

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24
Q

Rose black spot is a __________ disease in which purple black spots develop on the leaves of a plant.

A

fungal

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25
Q

True or false? Gonorrhoea was once easily treated with penicillin, but many resistant strains have begun appearing.

A

true

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26
Q

True or false? A person suffering from HIV/AIDS is more likely to become infected with tuberculosis.

A

true

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27
Q

Bill was really ill. He had salmonella food poisoning, which means he had __________, abdominal cramps, headache, vomiting, and diarrhoea. What main symptom of salmonella is missing from the list?

A

fever

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28
Q

A pathogen will __________ in order to increase its numbers.

A

reproduce

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29
Q

As well as the bathroom, in what other room in the home is hand washing particularly important to reduce the spread of disease?

A

kitchen

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30
Q

What disease begins with a flu-like illness and progresses to attack the immune cells if it isn’t successfully controlled?

A

HIV

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31
Q

When a plant has TMV, its leaves are discoloured in a ‘mosaic’ pattern. This slows the growth of the plant because it prevents what process from happening?

A

photosynthesis

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32
Q

Salmonella food poisoning is spread by __________ that are ingested in food. What word completes the sentence?

A

bacteria

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33
Q

Name the type of microorganism which is described in the following passage: They are very small but they are not cells. They can only reproduce inside the cells of other organisms.

A

viruses

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34
Q

Which viral disease that most children are vaccinated against has symptoms that include fever and a red skin rash?

A

measles

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35
Q

Rose black spot spreads by water and what other method?

A

wind air

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36
Q

Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce the spread of disease?

A

destroying vaccinations

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37
Q

What type of pathogen causes measles?

A

virus

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38
Q

In the United Kingdom, poultry are vaccinated against __________ bacteria. This helps prevent food poisoning in humans. What one word completes the sentence?

A

salmonella

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39
Q

definition of phagocytosis

A

occurs when white blood cells engulf bacteria and other pathogens

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40
Q

occurs when white blood cells engulf bacteria and other pathogens

A

definition of phagocytosis

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41
Q

The stomach produces __________ to kill the majority of pathogens.

A

hydrochloric acid

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42
Q

Name the substance found in the trachea that traps dust and pathogens and stops them from entering the lungs.

A

mucus

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43
Q

True or false? Vaccination is equally effective no matter what proportion of the population does it.

A

false

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44
Q

What is the name of the system that tries to destroy pathogens that enter the human body?

A

immune system

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45
Q

If a person has antibodies against a particular pathogen, they are said to be “what” to that pathogen?

A

immune

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46
Q

Cilia

A

tiny hair-like projections on the outside of a cell

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47
Q

what are tiny hair-like projections on the outside of a cell called

A

cilia

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48
Q

Which of these traps particles which may contain pathogens as you breathe in?

A

nose

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49
Q

What is the purpose of mucus in human defence systems?

A

trapping pathogens

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50
Q

White blood cells help to defend against infection by producing antitoxins and by ingesting pathogens. They also produce __________ that help defend against infection.

A

antibodies

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51
Q

What is the term given to a group of microorganisms that can cause disease?

A

pathogens

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52
Q

True or false? All antibodies can respond to any antigen.

A

false

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53
Q

What disease caused by a virus is vaccinated against with a new vaccine every autumn and winter?

A

flu

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54
Q

What is the name of the process where a white blood cell engulfs a pathogen?

A

phagocytosis

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55
Q

Pathogens in a vaccine are either dead or __________.

A

inactive

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56
Q

What is the function of a cilia cell?

A

waft the mucus to the back of the throat

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57
Q

True or false? The introduction of the MMR vaccine has reduced the chances of getting measles, mumps and rubella for everybody in the UK, even those who have not actually been vaccinated.

A

true

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58
Q

What is the body’s largest and first line of defence against pathogens?

A

skin

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59
Q

proteins produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes) which help the body fight the infection are called what?

A

Antibodies

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60
Q

Antibodies

A

proteins produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes) which help the body fight the infection

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61
Q

What word is used to describe injecting a small amount of an inactivated pathogen into the body to stimulate immunity?

A

vaccination

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62
Q

What is the function of the cilia found in the cells of the trachea?

A

move mucus

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63
Q

What type of cell in the immune system produces the antibodies?

A

white blood cells

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64
Q

What part of the digestive system is part of the first line of defence against attack by pathogens?

A

stomach

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65
Q

What type of barrier is the skin?

A

physical

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66
Q

What do white blood cells produce to help defend against pathogens?

A

antibodies and antitoxins

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67
Q

True or false? Human skin produces antimicrobial secretions.

A

true

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68
Q

The stomach produces acid that kills the majority of __________.

A

pathogens

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69
Q

The trachea and bronchi secrete __________ which traps pathogens.

A

mucus

70
Q

Volunteers taking part in early clinical trials should be… what?

A

healthy

71
Q

What word describes how much of a drug should be given?

A

dose

72
Q

As well as patients, who will be given the drug in clinical trials?

A

healthy volunteers

73
Q

What word describes how much a drug could harm or damage an organism?

A

toxicity

74
Q

In what places have bacteria resistant to antibiotics caused particular problems?

A

hospitals

75
Q

If you are given a course of 10 days’ worth of antibiotics, how many days should you take them for?

A

10

76
Q

Why is it important to take a full course of antibiotics?

A

to ensure that all of the disease-causing bacteria have been killed and are prevented from reproducing

77
Q

What is the name of the microorganism that is used to produce penicillin?

A

Penicillium

78
Q

Penicillium is a microorganism that produces ____________.

A

penicillin

79
Q

Testing and approval of drugs takes how much time: days, weeks, months or years?

A

years

80
Q

New discoveries in biology are checked anonymously by other scientific experts before the findings can be published. What two word name is given to this checking process?

A

peer review

81
Q

True or false? In double blind clinical trials, the doctors know who has received a placebo and who has received the drug.

A

false

82
Q

Which type of microorganism produces the antibiotic penicillin?

A

fungi

83
Q

Are pregnant women usually included in clinical trials for new drugs?

A

no

84
Q

The chemicals used in drugs must be __________ once they have been extracted to make sure that there are no contaminants present.

A

purified

85
Q

What term is used to describe a substance given in clinical trials that does not contain the drug?

A

placebo

86
Q

Which type of medicine would a doctor give a patient suffering from a severe bacterial infection?

A

antibiotics

87
Q

What would we see happening to a disease caused by a bacterium if it became resistant to antibiotics?

A

become more common

88
Q

If a drug is found to be safe after clinical trials, more clinical trials are then carried out to find the optimum __________ of the drug.

A

dose

89
Q

In a double-blind test, would doctors know which of their patients has been given the drug versus the placebo?

A

no

90
Q

What type of organism is Penicillium?

A

fungi

91
Q

What word describes how well a drug works?

A

efficacy

92
Q

A drug is noted to cause serious side effects in animals. A scientist predicts that if humans were given the drug, they might suffer the same side effects. Is the scientist right or wrong?

A

right

93
Q

As well as the drug, what does a double-blind trial involve giving to patients?

A

placebo

94
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

95
Q

Drugs need to be tested for efficacy, dosage and what else?

A

toxicity

96
Q

If antibiotics are used only for serious infections, what will happen to the rate of development of antibiotic-resistant strains? Will it increase, decrease or stay the same?

A

decrease

97
Q

True or false? Painkillers such as aspirin help to kill the microorganisms causing the pain.

A

false

98
Q

Drugs need to be tested to make sure they are effective and __________.

A

safe

99
Q

Can antibiotics be used against viruses?

A

no

100
Q

____________ are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

A

pathogens

101
Q

pathogens are _________________ that enter the body and cause disease

A

microorganisms

102
Q

pathogens are microorganisms that _____ the body and cause disease

A

enter

103
Q

pathogens are microorganisms that enter the _____ and cause disease

A

body

104
Q

pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause _________

A

disease

105
Q

what type of disease do pathogens cause?

A

communicable disease

106
Q

how can bacteria make you feel i’ll?

A

by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues

107
Q

protists are all ___________

A

eukaryotes

108
Q

most of protists are ______-______

A

single-celled

109
Q

fungi are _____-______

A

single-celled

110
Q

what are the ways in which pathogens can be spread?

A
  • water
  • air
  • director contact
111
Q

measles is a _____ disease

A

virus

112
Q

_________ is spread by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

A

measles

113
Q

measles is _______ by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

A

spread

114
Q

measles is spread by _________ from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

A

droplets

115
Q

measles is spread by droplets from an _________ person’s sneeze or cough

A

infected

116
Q

measles is spread by droplets from an infected person’s ________ __ _______

A

sneeze or cough

117
Q

___ is a virus spread by sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids (blood)

A

HIV

118
Q

HIV is a ______ spread by sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids (blood)

A

virus

119
Q

HIV is a virus _______ by sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids (blood)

A

spread

120
Q

HIV is a virus spread by ______ ________ or by exchanging body fluids (blood)

A

sexual contact

121
Q

HIV is a virus spread by sexual contact or by exchanging ______ ______ (blood)

A

body fluids

122
Q

HIV is a virus spread by sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids (______)

A

blood

123
Q

how can you get HIV by exchanged body fluids?

A

sharing needles when taking drugs

124
Q

___ causes flu-like symptoms

A

HIV

125
Q

HIV causes ___-____ symptoms

A

flu-like

126
Q

HIV causes flu-like ___________

A

symptoms

127
Q

how can HIV be controlled?

A

use antiretroviral drugs

128
Q

what does antiretroviral drugs do?

A

stops virus replicating in the body

129
Q

What can HIV turn into if the body’s immune system is badly damaged?

A

AIDS

130
Q

TMV is a _____ that affects many species of plants

A

virus

131
Q

____ is a virus that affects many species of plants

A

TMV

132
Q

TMV is a virus that affects many species of ______

A

plants

133
Q

TMV causes what on leaves of plants?

A

a mosaic pattern

134
Q

_______ patterns on leaves make leaves become discoloured

A

mosaic

135
Q

mosaic patterns on leaves make leaves become ____________

A

discoloured

136
Q

the discolouration on leaves means plants can’t carry out ________________

A

photosynthesis

137
Q

the ______________ on leaves means plants can’t carry out photosynthesis

A

discolouration

138
Q

rose black spot is a _______

A

fungus

139
Q

rose black spot causes what colour spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants?

A

purple or black

140
Q

rose black spot on a plant causes less _____________

A

photosynthesis

141
Q

rose black spot spreads through the environment by…

A
  • water
  • wind
142
Q

what can you use to treat the rose black spot disease?

A
  • fungicides
  • strip plant of its affected leaves
143
Q

maria is caused by a ______

A

protist

144
Q

part of the malarial protist’s life cycle takes place inside the __________

A

mosquito

145
Q

malaria causes ____________ episodes of fever

A

repeating

146
Q

malaria causes repeating episodes of _______

A

fever

147
Q

________ causes repeating episodes of fever

A

malaria

148
Q

how can you stop the spread of malaria?

A

stopping the mosquito from breeding

149
Q

salmonella is a type of ________

A

bacteria

150
Q

salmonella causes…

A

food poisoning

151
Q

salmonella can make people suffer from…

A
  • fever
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
152
Q

how can you control the spread of salmonella?

A

vaccinating poultry

153
Q

gonorrhoea is a _______ ___________ disease

A

sexually transmitted

154
Q

name a STD

A

gonorrhoea

155
Q

how are STDs passed on?

A

sexual contact

156
Q

gonorrhoea is caused by __________

A

bacteria

157
Q

how can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?

A
  • use antibiotics
  • contraception
158
Q

every invading pathogen has unique molecules on its surface, what are these called?

A

antigens

159
Q

what are some pros of vaccination?

A
  • help control lots of communicable diseases
  • can prevent large outbreaks of disease
160
Q

what are some cons of vaccination?

A
  • don’t always work and give u immunity
  • may have a bad reaction
161
Q

what are painkillers?

A

drugs that relieve pain

162
Q

what are drugs that relieve pain?

A

painkillers

163
Q

what do painkillers not do?

A

tackle the cause of disease or kill pathogen

164
Q

different antibiotics kill different types of ________

A

bacteria

165
Q

antibiotics don’t destroy ______

A

viruses

166
Q

_________ can mutate which can cause them to be resistant to an antibiotic

A

bacteria

167
Q

bacteria can ________ which can cause them to be resistant to an antibiotic

A

mutate

168
Q

bacteria can mutate which can cause them to be _________ to an antibiotic

A

resistant

169
Q

bacteria can mutate which can cause them to be resistant to an ___________

A

antibiotic

170
Q

what are some of the drugs made from plants?

A
  • aspirin
  • digitalis

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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