Infection and Response Flashcards
True or false? Gonorrhoea causes pain when urinating.
true
True or false? Fungicides are a type of pesticide.
true
Measles, HIV and TMV are all examples of what type of communicable disease?
viruses
What does TMV stand for?
tobacco mosaic virus
Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists can cause disease. Because of this, they are examples of what?
pathogens
Rose black spot disease can be treated by using a type of pesticide called a __________.
fungicides
True or false? Pathogens can only infect animals.
false
What disease is being described here? It is a serious viral illness that can be fatal if there are complications, and most children are vaccinated against it.
measles
Which type of blood cell does the HIV virus attack?
white blood cells called lymphocytes
What type of medicine can be used to treat gonorrhoea?
antibiotics
What is the disease that HIV develops into?
Aids
What does Aids stand for?
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
What type of plant disease is the tobacco mosaic disease?
viral
What name is given to microorganisms that cause disease?
pathogens
What type of pathogen causes malaria?
a protist
Name the bacterial disease with symptoms of a thick green or yellow discharge from the genitals and pain when urinating.
gonorrhoea
HIV can be transmitted through…
- broken skin (wounds)
- blood
Which type of microorganism causes gonorrhoea?
bacteria
A certain disease causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal. The spread of this disease is reduced by preventing mosquitos from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten. What disease is this?
malaria
What do bacteria release that make us feel ill?
toxins
Name the disease in plants that causes a ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration.
TMV
How is the measles virus spread?
contact with saliva or mucus
What system in the body is affected by HIV/AIDS?
immune system
Rose black spot is a __________ disease in which purple black spots develop on the leaves of a plant.
fungal
True or false? Gonorrhoea was once easily treated with penicillin, but many resistant strains have begun appearing.
true
True or false? A person suffering from HIV/AIDS is more likely to become infected with tuberculosis.
true
Bill was really ill. He had salmonella food poisoning, which means he had __________, abdominal cramps, headache, vomiting, and diarrhoea. What main symptom of salmonella is missing from the list?
fever
A pathogen will __________ in order to increase its numbers.
reproduce
As well as the bathroom, in what other room in the home is hand washing particularly important to reduce the spread of disease?
kitchen
What disease begins with a flu-like illness and progresses to attack the immune cells if it isn’t successfully controlled?
HIV
When a plant has TMV, its leaves are discoloured in a ‘mosaic’ pattern. This slows the growth of the plant because it prevents what process from happening?
photosynthesis
Salmonella food poisoning is spread by __________ that are ingested in food. What word completes the sentence?
bacteria
Name the type of microorganism which is described in the following passage: They are very small but they are not cells. They can only reproduce inside the cells of other organisms.
viruses
Which viral disease that most children are vaccinated against has symptoms that include fever and a red skin rash?
measles
Rose black spot spreads by water and what other method?
wind air
Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce the spread of disease?
destroying vaccinations
What type of pathogen causes measles?
virus
In the United Kingdom, poultry are vaccinated against __________ bacteria. This helps prevent food poisoning in humans. What one word completes the sentence?
salmonella
definition of phagocytosis
occurs when white blood cells engulf bacteria and other pathogens
occurs when white blood cells engulf bacteria and other pathogens
definition of phagocytosis
The stomach produces __________ to kill the majority of pathogens.
hydrochloric acid
Name the substance found in the trachea that traps dust and pathogens and stops them from entering the lungs.
mucus
True or false? Vaccination is equally effective no matter what proportion of the population does it.
false
What is the name of the system that tries to destroy pathogens that enter the human body?
immune system
If a person has antibodies against a particular pathogen, they are said to be “what” to that pathogen?
immune
Cilia
tiny hair-like projections on the outside of a cell
what are tiny hair-like projections on the outside of a cell called
cilia
Which of these traps particles which may contain pathogens as you breathe in?
nose
What is the purpose of mucus in human defence systems?
trapping pathogens
White blood cells help to defend against infection by producing antitoxins and by ingesting pathogens. They also produce __________ that help defend against infection.
antibodies
What is the term given to a group of microorganisms that can cause disease?
pathogens
True or false? All antibodies can respond to any antigen.
false
What disease caused by a virus is vaccinated against with a new vaccine every autumn and winter?
flu
What is the name of the process where a white blood cell engulfs a pathogen?
phagocytosis
Pathogens in a vaccine are either dead or __________.
inactive
What is the function of a cilia cell?
waft the mucus to the back of the throat
True or false? The introduction of the MMR vaccine has reduced the chances of getting measles, mumps and rubella for everybody in the UK, even those who have not actually been vaccinated.
true
What is the body’s largest and first line of defence against pathogens?
skin
proteins produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes) which help the body fight the infection are called what?
Antibodies
Antibodies
proteins produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes) which help the body fight the infection
What word is used to describe injecting a small amount of an inactivated pathogen into the body to stimulate immunity?
vaccination
What is the function of the cilia found in the cells of the trachea?
move mucus
What type of cell in the immune system produces the antibodies?
white blood cells
What part of the digestive system is part of the first line of defence against attack by pathogens?
stomach
What type of barrier is the skin?
physical
What do white blood cells produce to help defend against pathogens?
antibodies and antitoxins
True or false? Human skin produces antimicrobial secretions.
true
The stomach produces acid that kills the majority of __________.
pathogens
The trachea and bronchi secrete __________ which traps pathogens.
mucus
Volunteers taking part in early clinical trials should be… what?
healthy
What word describes how much of a drug should be given?
dose
As well as patients, who will be given the drug in clinical trials?
healthy volunteers
What word describes how much a drug could harm or damage an organism?
toxicity
In what places have bacteria resistant to antibiotics caused particular problems?
hospitals
If you are given a course of 10 days’ worth of antibiotics, how many days should you take them for?
10
Why is it important to take a full course of antibiotics?
to ensure that all of the disease-causing bacteria have been killed and are prevented from reproducing
What is the name of the microorganism that is used to produce penicillin?
Penicillium
Penicillium is a microorganism that produces ____________.
penicillin
Testing and approval of drugs takes how much time: days, weeks, months or years?
years
New discoveries in biology are checked anonymously by other scientific experts before the findings can be published. What two word name is given to this checking process?
peer review
True or false? In double blind clinical trials, the doctors know who has received a placebo and who has received the drug.
false
Which type of microorganism produces the antibiotic penicillin?
fungi
Are pregnant women usually included in clinical trials for new drugs?
no
The chemicals used in drugs must be __________ once they have been extracted to make sure that there are no contaminants present.
purified
What term is used to describe a substance given in clinical trials that does not contain the drug?
placebo
Which type of medicine would a doctor give a patient suffering from a severe bacterial infection?
antibiotics
What would we see happening to a disease caused by a bacterium if it became resistant to antibiotics?
become more common
If a drug is found to be safe after clinical trials, more clinical trials are then carried out to find the optimum __________ of the drug.
dose
In a double-blind test, would doctors know which of their patients has been given the drug versus the placebo?
no
What type of organism is Penicillium?
fungi
What word describes how well a drug works?
efficacy
A drug is noted to cause serious side effects in animals. A scientist predicts that if humans were given the drug, they might suffer the same side effects. Is the scientist right or wrong?
right
As well as the drug, what does a double-blind trial involve giving to patients?
placebo
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Drugs need to be tested for efficacy, dosage and what else?
toxicity
If antibiotics are used only for serious infections, what will happen to the rate of development of antibiotic-resistant strains? Will it increase, decrease or stay the same?
decrease
True or false? Painkillers such as aspirin help to kill the microorganisms causing the pain.
false
Drugs need to be tested to make sure they are effective and __________.
safe
Can antibiotics be used against viruses?
no
____________ are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
pathogens
pathogens are _________________ that enter the body and cause disease
microorganisms
pathogens are microorganisms that _____ the body and cause disease
enter
pathogens are microorganisms that enter the _____ and cause disease
body
pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause _________
disease
what type of disease do pathogens cause?
communicable disease
how can bacteria make you feel i’ll?
by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues
protists are all ___________
eukaryotes
most of protists are ______-______
single-celled
fungi are _____-______
single-celled
what are the ways in which pathogens can be spread?
- water
- air
- director contact
measles is a _____ disease
virus
_________ is spread by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough
measles
measles is _______ by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough
spread
measles is spread by _________ from an infected person’s sneeze or cough
droplets
measles is spread by droplets from an _________ person’s sneeze or cough
infected
measles is spread by droplets from an infected person’s ________ __ _______
sneeze or cough
___ is a virus spread by sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids (blood)
HIV
HIV is a ______ spread by sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids (blood)
virus
HIV is a virus _______ by sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids (blood)
spread
HIV is a virus spread by ______ ________ or by exchanging body fluids (blood)
sexual contact
HIV is a virus spread by sexual contact or by exchanging ______ ______ (blood)
body fluids
HIV is a virus spread by sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids (______)
blood
how can you get HIV by exchanged body fluids?
sharing needles when taking drugs
___ causes flu-like symptoms
HIV
HIV causes ___-____ symptoms
flu-like
HIV causes flu-like ___________
symptoms
how can HIV be controlled?
use antiretroviral drugs
what does antiretroviral drugs do?
stops virus replicating in the body
What can HIV turn into if the body’s immune system is badly damaged?
AIDS
TMV is a _____ that affects many species of plants
virus
____ is a virus that affects many species of plants
TMV
TMV is a virus that affects many species of ______
plants
TMV causes what on leaves of plants?
a mosaic pattern
_______ patterns on leaves make leaves become discoloured
mosaic
mosaic patterns on leaves make leaves become ____________
discoloured
the discolouration on leaves means plants can’t carry out ________________
photosynthesis
the ______________ on leaves means plants can’t carry out photosynthesis
discolouration
rose black spot is a _______
fungus
rose black spot causes what colour spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants?
purple or black
rose black spot on a plant causes less _____________
photosynthesis
rose black spot spreads through the environment by…
- water
- wind
what can you use to treat the rose black spot disease?
- fungicides
- strip plant of its affected leaves
maria is caused by a ______
protist
part of the malarial protist’s life cycle takes place inside the __________
mosquito
malaria causes ____________ episodes of fever
repeating
malaria causes repeating episodes of _______
fever
________ causes repeating episodes of fever
malaria
how can you stop the spread of malaria?
stopping the mosquito from breeding
salmonella is a type of ________
bacteria
salmonella causes…
food poisoning
salmonella can make people suffer from…
- fever
- stomach cramps
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
how can you control the spread of salmonella?
vaccinating poultry
gonorrhoea is a _______ ___________ disease
sexually transmitted
name a STD
gonorrhoea
how are STDs passed on?
sexual contact
gonorrhoea is caused by __________
bacteria
how can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?
- use antibiotics
- contraception
every invading pathogen has unique molecules on its surface, what are these called?
antigens
what are some pros of vaccination?
- help control lots of communicable diseases
- can prevent large outbreaks of disease
what are some cons of vaccination?
- don’t always work and give u immunity
- may have a bad reaction
what are painkillers?
drugs that relieve pain
what are drugs that relieve pain?
painkillers
what do painkillers not do?
tackle the cause of disease or kill pathogen
different antibiotics kill different types of ________
bacteria
antibiotics don’t destroy ______
viruses
_________ can mutate which can cause them to be resistant to an antibiotic
bacteria
bacteria can ________ which can cause them to be resistant to an antibiotic
mutate
bacteria can mutate which can cause them to be _________ to an antibiotic
resistant
bacteria can mutate which can cause them to be resistant to an ___________
antibiotic
what are some of the drugs made from plants?
- aspirin
- digitalis
