Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what 3 components are your automatic control systems made up of to maintain a steady condition

A
  • cells called receptors
  • coordination centres
  • effectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

example of coordination centres

A
  • brain
  • spinal chord
  • pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does your automatic control system use to keep your internal environment stable

A

negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

negative feedback

A

when the level of something (water or glucose) gets too high of too low your body uses negative feedback to bring it back to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does your receptor do if your level is too high

A

receptors detect a stimulus (change in the environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does your coordination centre do if your level is too high

A

receives and processes the information then organised a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does your effector do if your level is too high

A

produces a response which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level (level decreases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does your receptor do if your level is too low

A

detects a stimulus (change in the environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does your coordination centre do if your level is too low

A

received and processed information then organised a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does your effector do if your level is too low

A

produces a response which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level (level increases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what different parts make up the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system
  • sensory neurones
  • motor neurones
  • effectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are sensory neurones

A

neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are motor neurones

A

neurones that carry electrical impulses from the central nervous system to effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are effectors

A

all your muscle and glands, which respond to nervous impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why does nervous system exist

A
  • allows humans to react to their surroundings
  • and coordinate their behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can receptors form

A
  • larger, complex organs
    (retina of the eye is covered in light receptor cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

a coordination centre that receives information from receptors and then coordinate a response, carried out by effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

synapses

A

the connection between two neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in a synapse how is signal transferred

A
  • by chemicals which diffuse (move) across the gap
  • chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

reflexes

A

rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that don’t involve conscious part of your brain
(helps reduce chances of being injured, survival reflex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

example of reflex

A

when light is shined into ur eye, pupils automatically become smaller to decrease amounts of light getting in ur eye, stops it getting damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector) called

A

reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

example of reflex arc going through CNS

A

1) bee stings finger
2) stimulus detected by receptors
3) impulses travel along sensory neurone
4) then travel along relay neurone, via a synapse
5) then travel along motor neurone, via a synapse
6) impulses reach muscles and contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

reaction time

A

time taken to respond to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how can reaction time be affected

A
  • age
  • gender
  • drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

example of measuring reaction time (ruler practical)

A

1) sat arm rested on edge of table
2) ruler held vertically between thumb and forefinger and let go
3) person try and catch ruler as quick as can
4) measure by what number on the ruler it’s caught at
5) repeat test several times to get mean distance ruler fell
6) person drink caffeine, wait 10 mins, test again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

control variables of ruler practical to make it a fair test

A
  • same person
  • same hand
  • ruler dropped from same height
  • person being tested hasn’t had caffeine at all today
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ways of sending information around the body

A
  • nerves
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

hormones

A

chemical molecules released directly into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are hormones carried in and what do they only affect

A
  • carried in blood to other parts of body
  • only affect particular cells in particular organs (called target organs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what do hormones control that need constant adjustment

A

organs and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where are hormones produced and secreted by

A

various glands, called endocrine glands which make your endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

are hormone effects long or short lasting

A

long-lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

examples of glands

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

hormones and nerves have differences: nerves

A
  • very fast action
  • act for a very short time
  • act on a very precise area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

hormones and nerves have differences: hormones

A
  • slower action
  • act for a long time
  • act in a more general way
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does pituitary gland (glands) do

A
  • produces hormones that regulate body conditions
  • act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

thyroid (glands)

A

produces thyroxine which is involved in regulating the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does adrenal gland (glands) do

A

produces adrenaline used to prepare the body for a “fight or flight” response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

pancreas (glands)

A

produces insulin used to regulate blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ovaries (glands)

A

produces oestrogen which is involved in the menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the two hormones that control blood glucose level

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is added when blood glucose levels are too high

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is added when blood glucose levels are too low

A

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how can glucose get into ur blood from ur gut

A

by eating foods with carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what removes glucose from the blood

A
  • exercise
  • normal metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

diabetes

A

a condition that affects your ability to control your blood sugar level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does the pancreas produce (type 1 diabetes)

A

little or no insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

if a person has little or no insulin what could happen to them and their blood glucose levels (type 1 diabetes)

A

can rise to a level that can kill them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is insulin therapy (type 1 diabetes)

A

several injections of insulin through the day, which makes sure glucose is removed from blood quickly once food has been digested, stops level getting too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

person becomes resistant to their own insulin (still produce it but body cells don’t respond properly to hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what can being resistant to your own insulin cause (type 2 diabetes)

A

a person’s blood sugar level to rise to a dangerous level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be controlled

A
  • eating carbohydrate-controlled diet
  • regular exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

being overweight

A

can increase your chance of developing type 2 diabetes because obesity is a major risk factor in the development of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries is part of what cycle

A

menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what does your body start doing at puberty

A

releasing sex hormones that trigger sexual characteristics (development of facial hair) and can cause eggs to mature in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in men

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is testosterone

A
  • produced by testes
  • stimulates sperm production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in women

A

oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is oestrogen

A
  • one of the main female sex hormones needed for puberty
  • involved in the menstrual cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

4 stages of menstrual cycle

A

1) menstruation starts
2) uterus lining builds up again
3) egg develops and is released
4) wall is then maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

stage 1- menstruation start…

A

uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

stage 2- uterus lining builds up again…

A

from day 4-14 into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

stage 3- egg develops and is released…

A

from the ovary at day 14 (called ovulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

stage 4- wall is then maintained…

A
  • for about 14- to 28 days
  • if no fertilised egg has landed on uterus wall by day 28, spongy lining starts to break down and cycle starts again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is ovulation

A

when an egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

menstrual cycle is controlled by 4 hormones

A
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
  • FSH
  • LH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

progesterone

A
  • produced by the empty follicle in the ovary after the egg has been released
  • maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the menstrual cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

A
  • produced in the pituitary gland
  • causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries (in a structure called follicle)
  • stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

LH (luteinising hormone)

A
  • produced by the pituitary gland
  • stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

contraceptive patch

A
  • contains oestrogen and progesterone
  • small patch that sticks on skin, lasts one week
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

contraceptive implant

A
  • inserted under the skin of the arm
  • released a continuous amount of progesterone (stops ovaries releasing eggs) make it hard for sperm to swim to egg and stop any fertilised egg implanting in the uterus
  • can last for 3 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

intrauterine device

A
  • t- shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to o kill sperm and prevent implantation of a fertilised egg
  • plastic IUDs, release progesterone
  • copper IUDs prevent sperm surviving in uterus
74
Q

non-hormonal forms of contraception

A
  • condoms (male and female)
  • diaphragm (shallow plastic cup fits over cervix
  • spermicide
75
Q

pros of FSH and LH given to a women in a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation

A

helps lots of women get pregnant

76
Q

cons of FSH and LH given to a women in a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation

A
  • doesn’t always work, try multiple times which is expensive
  • too many eggs could be stimulated, results in unexpected multiple pregnancies
77
Q

IVF process

A
  • collecting eggs from woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm
  • fertilised eggs then grown into embryos in a lab incubator
  • once embryos are tiny balls of cells they are transferred to woman’s uterus (to improve chance of pregnancy)
78
Q

pros of IVF

A

gives an infertile couple a child

79
Q

cons of IVF

A
  • multiple births can happen if multiple embryos grow into a baby (risky for mother and babies, higher chance of miscarriage)
  • success rate is low makes process stressful and often upsetting
  • physically stressful as well (vomiting, dehydration)
80
Q

adrenaline

A

hormone released by the adrenal glands

81
Q

what is adrenaline released in a response to

A

stressful or scary situations

82
Q

how does adrenaline prepare your body for “fight or flight”

A

triggering mechanisms that increase supply of oxygen and glucose to cells in the brain and muscles (increases heart rate)

83
Q

thyroxine

A

a hormone released by the thyroid gland (in the neck)

84
Q

what is thyroxine’s important role

A
  • regulating the basal metabolic rate
  • stimulates protein synthesis for growth and development
85
Q

In a simple reflex action, chemicals are released at two synapses: one between a sensory neurone and a __________ neurone, and one between a __________ neurone and a motor neurone. What one word completes both gaps?

A

relay

86
Q

Which system has longer lasting effects: the nervous system or hormonal system?

A

hormonal system

87
Q

What is the word for an organ or tissue that brings about the response in a reflex action?

A

effector

88
Q

Where in the nervous system is information from receptors taken to for processing?

A

central nervous system

89
Q

Which system is able to respond to change faster: the nervous system or hormonal system?

A

nervous system

90
Q

Automatic control systems always include three things: receptors, __________ and effectors. What one word completes the sentence?

A

coordination centres

91
Q

Aside from the spinal cord, give an example of a coordination centre in an automatic control system.

A

brain

92
Q

In a simple reflex action, a chemical is released in the synapse between a relay neurone and a __________ neurone, which sends an impulse along the __________ neurone to an effector. What one word completes both gaps?

A

motor neurone

93
Q

Blood sugar levels of the body need to be maintained, along with what other internal condition?

A

temperature

94
Q

What is the word for a change in the environment that a receptor cell responds to?

A

stimulus

95
Q

The brain coordinates the __________ to a stimulus. What word completes this sentence?

A

response

96
Q

What is the name of the junction between two neurones?

A

synapse

97
Q

What type of cell in the nervous system detects a change in the environment?

A

receptor

98
Q

What is the name of the system that enables humans to react to their environment?

A

central nervous system

99
Q

What is the name of the cells found in nerves that carry information?

A

neurones

100
Q

Effectors can be either muscles or what?

A

glands

101
Q

What is the common reflex action in the eye usually called?

A

blinking

102
Q

What does muscular tissue do to bring about movement?

A

contract

103
Q

One word to describe a reflex action is automatic. What is the other word that means you cannot control it?

A

unconscious

104
Q

What stimulus is a receptor in the eye sensitive to?

A

light

105
Q

Glands secrete __________ in reflex actions. What is the missing word?

A

chemicals

106
Q

How does the speed of reflex actions compare to normal responses? Are they faster or slower than normal responses?

A

faster

107
Q

What type of actions involving the nervous system are automatic and very fast?

A

reflex

108
Q

What part of the CNS is not usually involved in an unconditioned reflex?

A

brain

109
Q

What stimuli are receptors in the nose and tongue sensitive to?

A

chemicals

110
Q

In a reflex action, impulses from a receptor cell travel along what kind of neurone first?

A

sensory neurone

111
Q

In a reflex action, muscles respond by doing what?

A

contracting

112
Q

True or false? Thyroxine prepares the body for “fight or flight”.

A

false

113
Q

Type 1 diabetes can be controlled by injecting… what?

A

insulin

114
Q

What type of tissue produces hormones?

A

gland

115
Q

Carl is diabetic and injects insulin every day. What is likely to happen to his blood glucose level following an injection of insulin?

A

fall

116
Q

True or false? Adrenaline increases the glucose concentration in the blood.

A

true

117
Q

Name a hormone released into the bloodstream in humans in response to a dangerous situation.

A

adrenaline

118
Q

What are the missing TWO words? “The process that allows homeostatic mechanisms to self-adjust around a normal value, so keeping the body’s internal environment stable, is known as __________ __________”

A

negative feedback

119
Q

Which hormone lowers blood sugar levels when they are too high?

A

insulin

120
Q

Name the disease condition where a person’s blood glucose level is not properly controlled.

A

diabetes

121
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

adrenal gland

122
Q

What type of structures secrete hormones?

A

gland

123
Q

Name the hormone that increases the heart rate.

A

adrenaline

124
Q

What type of molecule is the hormone insulin made from?

A

protein molecules

125
Q

True or false? People with type 1 diabetes need to give careful attention to their diet and exercise levels.

A

true

126
Q

True or false? If a large, sugary dessert is eaten, the body will respond by producing less insulin.

A

false

127
Q

True or false? Adrenaline decreases the pulse rate.

A

false

128
Q

What is the missing word? “The organs or tissues that respond to a particular hormone are known as __________ organs or tissues.”

A

target

129
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

thyroid gland

130
Q

Where in the body is the hormone glucagon produced?

A

pancreas

131
Q

Name a hormone that controls the concentration of glucose in the blood.

A

insulin

132
Q

Carl’s diabetes is caused by his body not producing enough insulin. Which of Carl’s organs is not functioning properly?

A

pancreas

133
Q

If someone takes an overdose of heroin, a doctor might treat them by checking their heart rate and giving them an injection of adrenaline. What would the injection do to their heart rate?

A

increase it

134
Q

Thyroxine is controlled by what type of feedback?

A

negative feedback

135
Q

If people with diabetes are not treated, what problem with their blood glucose level are they most likely to have?

A

too high

136
Q

Carl is diabetic. He injects insulin in the morning but then doesn’t have time for lunch. What problem is most likely to occur with his blood glucose level?

A

too low

137
Q

The hormone glucagon causes __________ to be converted into glucose. What is the missing word?

A

glycogen

138
Q

Hormones are usually transported to their target organs in the __________. What is the missing word?

A

blood

139
Q

Name a glucose-regulating hormone produced by the pancreas.

A

glucagon

140
Q

The organ that a particular hormone acts on is known as the __________ organ. What one word completes this sentence?

A

target organ

141
Q

Name the organ that monitors the concentration of glucose in the blood.

A

pancreas

142
Q

What type of protein is a chemical messenger that travels in the blood?

A

hormone

143
Q

What chemical substances coordinate many processes in the body?

A

hormone

144
Q

Other than oxygen, the level of what substance needs to be maintained to give cells a constant supply of energy?

A

sugar or glucose

145
Q

When glucagon acts upon liver cells, it stimulates the cells to convert glycogen into a soluble carbohydrate that is then released into the bloodstream. What is the name of this carbohydrate?

A

glucose

146
Q

What is sometimes called the “master gland” because of its important role in the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland

147
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls during puberty?

A

oestrogen

148
Q

The process of development of secondary sexual characteristics that teenagers go through is called what?

A

puberty

149
Q

Apart from LH, name another hormone that is involved in the menstrual cycle.

A

FSH

150
Q

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating ovulation?

A

LH

151
Q

What is the monthly shedding of the lining of the womb in the menstrual cycle called?

A

menstruation or period

152
Q

Women with fertility issues may have low levels of which hormone?

A

FSH

153
Q

Early birth control pills contained large amounts of hormones and could lead to blood clots. The blood clots are an example of a __________ effect of a drug. What word completes the sentence?

A

side

154
Q

In the menstrual cycle, the release of an ovum is called what?

A

ovulation

155
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in boys during puberty?

A

testosterone

156
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

luteinising hormone

157
Q

A disadvantage to fertility treatment is that it can lead to multiple births. Who does this pose a risk to?

A

the mother and the babies

158
Q

True or false? Fertility treatment decreases the chance of twins or triplets.

A

false

159
Q

The function of FSH is to cause an ovum to __________. What one word completes this sentence?

A

mature or develop

160
Q

Does IVF guarantee that a woman will become pregnant?

A

no

161
Q

True or false? Modern contraceptive pills have fewer side effects than earlier pills.

A

true

162
Q

Oestrogen stops or slows the production of what hormone?

A

FSH

163
Q

The first birth control pills contained large amounts of what hormone?

A

oestrogen

164
Q

After an egg is released, the empty follicle in the ovary secretes __________, which inhibits both FSH and LH. What word completes the sentence?

A

progesterone

165
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

in vitro fertilisation

166
Q

A vasectomy is an example of which method of contraception?

A

surgical

167
Q

Fertility is the measure of the ability to become __________. What one word completes the sentence?

A

pregnant

168
Q

Name the organ where oestrogen is made

A

ovaries

169
Q

Name a natural method of birth control

A

abstinence

170
Q

Name a surgical method of birth control.

A

vasectomy

171
Q

Does the oral contraceptive pill directly affect the maturation of ova?

A

yes

172
Q

The lining of the uterus will be shed if the egg released at ovulation is not what?

A

fertilised

173
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

174
Q

What gland secretes FSH and LH?

A

pituitary gland

175
Q

Some methods of birth control (like skin patches and injections) work by slowly releasing a hormone that inhibits the maturation and release of eggs for months or years. What hormone is this?

A

progesterone

176
Q

Ovulation occurs approximately every how many days?

A

28

177
Q

Name a mechanical method of birth control.

A

condom

178
Q

Condoms are an example of which type of contraception?

A

mechanical

179
Q

Spermicide is an example of which type of contraception?

A

chemical

180
Q

what if you have too much oestrogen?

A

it can increase your risk of blood clots and stroke

181
Q

what is the speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur while the body is at rest?

A

basal metabolic rate

182
Q

what is the basal metabolic rate?

A

the speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur while the body is at rest

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions