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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What structure is present in both plant and yeast cells, but not in a bacterial cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • vacuole
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2
Q

Which parts of a cell provide the cell with energy?

A

mitochondria

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3
Q

Another name for the cells in plants and animals is __________ cells.

A

eukaryotic

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4
Q

In a cell, most of the chemical reactions take place in the __________.

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

Are bacterial cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

prokaryotic

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6
Q

Bacterial cells do not possess a nucleus so they are ____________ cells.

A

prokaryotic

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7
Q

Bacterial cells do not possess a _________ so they are prokaryotic cells.

A

nucleus

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8
Q

Plant cells have a cell wall. What other type of cell has this?

A

algal cell

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9
Q

Which part of a plant cell absorbs light for photosynthesis?

A

chloroplast

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10
Q

What name is given to a group of cells with similar structure and function?

A

tissue

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11
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

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12
Q

Plant cells have a cell wall instead of a cell membrane. True or false?

A

false

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13
Q

Fill in the missing word in this sentence: the function of ribosomes is to synthesise __________.

A

proteins

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

cell structures which synthesise proteins

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15
Q

What name is given to the short loops of DNA found only in bacterial cells?

A

plasmid

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16
Q

Which DNA-containing component of other living cells is missing from bacteria?

A

nucleus

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17
Q

Name the features present in ALL types of plant cells but is never found in animal cells.

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast
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18
Q

Name one of the structures found in plant cells but not found in bacterial cells.

A
  • chloroplast
  • nucleus
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19
Q

True or false? All cells have a nucleus.

A

false

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20
Q

The plant cell wall is made of a material called __________.

A

cellulose

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21
Q

Name a structure that would be found in a root hair cell but not in a liver cell.

A
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

gel-like fluid

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23
Q

What structure controls the passage of substances into and out of a cell?

A

cell membrane

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24
Q

In a bacterial cell, where would you find the DNA plasmids?

A

cytoplasm

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25
Q

What fluid is found inside a plant cell’s permanent vacuole?

A

cell sap

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26
Q

In a bacterial cell, the genes are free in the cytoplasm. In what cell structure are the genes found in plant and animal cells?

A

nucleus

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27
Q

Which part of a cell controls the cell’s activities?

A

nucleus

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28
Q

Would you find a large permanent vacuole in a plant or animal cell?

A

plant cell

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29
Q

Name features present in both an animal cell and a plant cell.

A
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • cytoplasm
  • vacuole
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30
Q

In what type of cell is the genetic material contained in a single DNA loop?

A

bacteria (prokaryotic)

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31
Q

The theory of endosymbiosis states that 1.5bn years ago, some early eukaryotes (the ancestor cells of animals and plants) engulfed bacterial cells and kept them prisoner inside their cells. They did this so they could harvest the sugars that the bacterial cells were producing. The bacterial cells used light to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Eventually, these engulfed bacteria became which type of organelles?

A

chloroplasts

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32
Q

Which part of a plant cell helps maintain its shape?

A

cell wall

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33
Q

Would you find mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, or both?

A

both

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34
Q

Which part of a cell synthesises proteins?

A

ribosomes

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35
Q

Which microorganism is described in the following sentences? “They are small cells. Their cells do not contain a nucleus but do have a cell wall.”

A

bacteria

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36
Q

In which type of cell would you find a permanent (sap) vacuole: a plant cell or animal cell?

A

plant cell

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37
Q

In an animal cell, which two cell structures do newly-synthesised enzymes have to pass through to reach the external environment? Write your answer in the form “__________, __________”

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
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38
Q

What is the name of the process that occurs in a cell’s mitochondria?

A

cellular respiration

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39
Q

example of a tissue

A

muscle

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40
Q

Chloroplasts absorb energy from what?

A

light

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41
Q

Cells __________ during development to perform different functions.

A

differentiate

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42
Q

Give a reason for not using adult stem cells

A

it’s difficult to get adult stem cells to differentiate

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43
Q

True or false? All human stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any type of human cell.

A

false

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44
Q

Diabetes and paralysis can both be treated with __________ _____.

A

stem cells

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45
Q

What type of cell may be used to treat conditions like paralysis?

A

stem cells

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46
Q

Do both animal and plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their life?

A

no

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47
Q

Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their life…

A

but animal cells do not

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48
Q

A bone marrow cell has the ability to change into other types of cell. What name is given to this type of cell?

A

stem cell

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49
Q

example of stem cells

A

bone marrow

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50
Q

Stem cells have the ability to _____________ into many other types of cell such as nerve and muscle cells.

A

differentiate

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51
Q

_____ _____ have the ability to differentiate into many other types of cells

A

stem cells

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52
Q

What are some of the cells that stem cells can differentiate into?

A
  • nerve cells
  • muscle cells
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53
Q

A sperm cell has a long tail and a streamlined head. These features allow it to ________ to the egg.

A

swim

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54
Q

True or false? Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into nerve cells.

A

true

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55
Q

Which cell part, found in virtually all cells, are red blood cells missing?

A

nucleus

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56
Q

___ _____ cells do not have a nucleus.

A

red blood

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57
Q

Red blood cells do not have a ________.

A

nucleus

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58
Q

A plant has a desirable trait: it is disease resistant. What can be done to quickly produce large numbers of identical plants with this same trait?

A

cloning

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59
Q

Plants with a __________ _____ can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants in a short space of time.

A

desirable trait

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60
Q

Plants with a desirable trait can be _______ to produce large numbers of identical plants in a short space of time.

A

cloned

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61
Q

Plants with a desirable trait can be cloned to produce large numbers of __________ ______ in a short space of time.

A

identical plants

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62
Q

Root hair cells increase the ________ ____ of roots.

A

surface area

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63
Q

_____ ____ cells increase the surface area of roots.

A

root hair

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64
Q

Root hair cells increase the surface area of _____.

A

roots

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65
Q

Stem cells have not yet __________, so they retain the ability to develop into other types of cells.

A

differentiated

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66
Q

Name one type of plant cell that has holes in it to allow substances to flow through.

A

phloem cell

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67
Q

_______ cells have tiny pores (holes) to allow substances to flow through them from cell to cell.

A

phloem

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68
Q

Phloem cells have _____ _____ (holes) to allow substances to flow through them from cell to cell.

A

tiny pores

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69
Q

Phloem cells have tiny pores (holes) to allow substances to flow through them from _____ __ _____.

A

cell to cell

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70
Q

Some people object to using stem cells from embryos, so instead…

A

they use adult stem cells from bone marrow

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71
Q

Why do some people use adult stem cells instead of stem cells from embryos?

A

there is less objection to using these cells than using embryo stem cells

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72
Q

There is a risk that __________ can be transferred when using stem cells in medical treatments.

A

infections

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73
Q

What name is given to animal cells with the capacity to differentiate into a specialised cell?

A

stem cells

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74
Q

Stem cells with the most potential for differentiation are obtained from human embryos produced as a result of ___ techniques.

A

IVF

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75
Q

____ _____ with the most potential for differentiation are obtained from human embryos produced as a result of IVF techniques.

A

stem cells

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76
Q

Stem cells with the most _________ for differentiation are obtained from human embryos produced as a result of IVF techniques.

A

potential

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77
Q

Stem cells with the most potential for ________________ are obtained from human embryos produced as a result of IVF techniques.

A

differentiation

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78
Q

Stem cells with the most potential for differentiation are obtained from human _________ produced as a result of IVF techniques.

A

embryos

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79
Q

Stem cells can be found in the __________ __________ of adult humans.

A

bone marrow

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80
Q

Stem cells can be found in the bone marrow of ______ _________.

A

adult humans

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81
Q

A sperm cell is an _______ cell.

A

animal

82
Q

True or false? Stem cells are only found in embryos, not in adult humans.

A

false

83
Q

During the development of a multicellular organism, its cells specialise. What is this process of specialisation called?

A

differentiation

84
Q

______ cells have bands of thickened tissue arranged in a spiral.

A

Xylem

85
Q

Xylem cells have _______ of thickened tissue arranged in a spiral.

A

bands

86
Q

Xylem cells have bands of ___________ _____ arranged in a spiral.

A

thickened tissue

87
Q

Xylem cells have bands of thickened tissue arranged in a ______.

A

spiral

88
Q

Nerve cells can form many branches. How does this relate to their function?

A

they form networks with other nerve cells

89
Q

Some types of cell retain the ability to differentiate into other types of cell. Are these cells more common in animals or plants?

A

plants

90
Q

________ cells contract and relax to bring about movement.

A

muscle

91
Q

Muscle cells __________ ___ ______ to bring about movement.

A

contract and relax

92
Q

Muscle cells contract and relax to bring about ___________.

A

movement

93
Q

True or false? Plant cells tend to retain the ability to differentiate for longer than animal cells.

A

true

94
Q

True or false? In therapeutic cloning, there is a risk of donor stem cells being rejected by the patient’s body.

A

false

95
Q

Therapeutic cloning produces stem cells with the same genetic makeup as the ________, therefore there is no risk of the stem cells being rejected by the patient’s body.

A

patient

96
Q

Therapeutic cloning produces stem cells with the same genetic makeup as the patient, therefore there is…

A

no risk of the stem cells being rejected by patient’s body

97
Q

Rare species of plants can be cloned so they don’t go extinct. To do this, stem cells are taken from the __________ of the plant.

A

meristem

98
Q

where are meristems found?

A

root and shoot tips

99
Q

Meristems are regions of ______________ ____ in plants that are capable of cell division.

A

unspecialised cells

100
Q

Meristem can develop into…

A

any type of specialised cell

101
Q

Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in ______ that are capable of cell division.

A

plants

102
Q

Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of ____ _________.

A

cell division

103
Q

What part of a human bone contains stem cells?

A

bone marrow

104
Q

Where is bone marrow found?

A

inside bones

105
Q

In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repairing tissues by __________ old or damaged cells.

A

replacing

106
Q

There are two ways to culture bacteria in a school laboratory: as colonies on an agar gel plate, or in a… what?

A

nutrient broth solution

107
Q

Which has a higher magnification: an electron microscope or a light microscope?

A

electron microscope

108
Q

Joanna is culturing bacteria for her class’s investigation. She makes sure to incubate the cultures at no higher than 25°C. The main reason for this is to avoid… what?

A

growing pathogens that are harmful to humans

109
Q

Nathan is observing an ant using a digital microscope. The length of the image is 22mm. The ant’s actual length is 2mm. Calculate the magnification of the image.

A

11

110
Q

What type of microscope would a biologist use to study sub-cellular structures?

A

electron microscope

111
Q

To move the objective lens up and down, I would turn the _________ __________ dial.

A

rough focusing

112
Q

True or false? Light microscopes have a higher resolving power than electron microscopes.

A

false

113
Q

In a microscope what is the part where you look through called?

A

eye piece

114
Q

As evidence of internal structures became more developed because of improvements in the technology of __________, new models of classification were proposed.

A

microscopes

115
Q

What type of cell division takes place in body cells?

A

mitosis

116
Q

mitosis

A

a type of cell division that takes place in all body cells
that produces two identical cells

117
Q

What type of cell division is used to replace old cells?

A

mitosis

118
Q

What type of cell division results in cells that are genetically identical?

A

mitosis

119
Q

True or false? Mitosis is another name for the cell cycle.

A

false

120
Q

How many cells are formed as a result of mitosis?

A

2

121
Q

Human cells possess __ chromosomes in each of their nuclei.

A

46

122
Q

What type of cell division results in growth?

A

mitosis

123
Q

distilled water does not contain any…

A

ions or sugar

124
Q

Does active transport require energy?

A

yes

125
Q

Active transport requires energy as the substances are moved…

A

against a concentration gradient

126
Q

During a marathon the runner will lose a lot of water in… what?

A

sweat

127
Q

Active transport requires energy in the form of ___

A

ATP

128
Q

Physical activity requires energy. Which substance do sports drinks contain to help maintain energy levels.

A

sugar

129
Q

Name one type of substance that is taken into a root hair cell using active transport.

A

mineral ions such as nitrate ions

130
Q

Name the process that a cell will use to continue absorbing ions even when their concentration outside the cell is very low.

A

active transport

131
Q

_____ ___________ is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the concentration of ions outside the cell is very low.

A

active transport

132
Q

Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ____ even when the concentration of ions outside the cell is very low.

A

ions

133
Q

Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the _______________ of ions outside the cell is very low.

A

concentration

134
Q

Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the concentration of ____ outside the cell is very low.

A

ions

135
Q

Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the concentration of ions _______ ____ _____ is very low.

A

outside the cell

136
Q

Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the concentration of ions outside the cell is very ___.

A

low

137
Q

In the small intestine the products of digestion are absorbed by both diffusion and… what?

A

active transport

138
Q

During active transport, substances move _________ ___ _____________ ________, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

A

against the concentration gradient

139
Q

Besides water, name a substance that is lost from the body in sweat.

A

urea

140
Q

Name the organ that is adapted for gaseous exchange in humans.

A

lungs

141
Q

The lungs are the organs structurally adapted…

A

for gaseous exchange in humans

142
Q

There is a net movement of water into a cell from the surrounding tissue fluid. Is the tissue fluid more or less concentrated than the fluid inside this cell?

A

less concentrated

143
Q

Should an ideal exchange surface be thick or thin?

A

thin

144
Q

True or false? Diffusion takes place only in liquids.

A

false

145
Q

What happens to the rate of diffusion if the temperature is raised?

A

increases

146
Q

Name the structure that increases the surface area of the small intestine in humans.

A

villi

147
Q

Which organism has a larger surface area to volume ratio: a bacterium or a hedgehog?

A

bacterium

148
Q

Earthworms do not need lungs because they can exchange gases over their body surface. Why won’t this work for humans?

A

our surface area is too small compared to our volume

149
Q

Multicellular organisms have surfaces and organ systems that are specialised for exchanging materials. This is because multicellular organisms must make up for their __________ surface area to volume ratios compared to single celled organisms. What word completes the sentence?

A

smaller

150
Q

True or false? The effectiveness of the gaseous exchange surface in animals is increased by it being ventilated.

A

true

151
Q

The diagram shows two solutions separated by a membrane. Water molecules can cross the membrane but solute molecules cannot. What name is given to this type of membrane?

A

partially permeable membrane

152
Q

True or false? The lungs have an efficient blood supply to take away the oxygenated blood and maintain the concentration gradient.

A

true

153
Q

True or false? It is more difficult to exchange materials effectively in large, complex organisms than in small, simple organisms.

A

true

154
Q

__________ substances can move into or out of cells by diffusion.

A

soluble (dissolved)

155
Q

The small intestine is adapted for exchanging materials because it has a large surface area, a thin membrane, and an efficient __________ supply. What word completes the sentence?

A

blood

156
Q

True or false? Dissolved substances cannot move by active transport.

A

false

157
Q

What name is given to the process by which substances pass into or out of a cell from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?

A

diffusion and osmosis

158
Q

The effectiveness of the lungs in humans is improved by them being ventilated. What does this mean?

A

they constantly exchange air with the environment

159
Q

True or false? Water molecules move into and out of cells through the cell membrane by active transport.

A

false

160
Q

Is osmosis a type of active transport or a type of diffusion?

A

diffusion

161
Q

Osmosis is a special case of _________. It is not a form of active transport as osmosis does not require an input of energy.

A

diffusion

162
Q

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. It is not a form of active transport as osmosis does not…

A

require an input of energy

163
Q

What type of transport is usually happening when oxygen is absorbed into cells?

A

diffusion

164
Q

What name is given to the process by which a dissolved substance moves across a boundary to an area of lower concentration?

A

diffusion

165
Q

Name the waste product formed from the breakdown of amino acids, which is transported around the body in the blood plasma.

A

urea

166
Q

What substance can move across a barrier by osmosis?

A

water molecules

167
Q

Name a gaseous waste product of respiration that moves out of the cell by diffusion.

A

carbon dioxide

168
Q

True or false? The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased if there is a long diffusion path.

A

false

169
Q

An experiment was carried out to find out how the mass of potato chips changed when they were left in sugar solutions of different strengths. Which of the following was the independent variable in this experiment?

A

strength of sugar solution

170
Q

True or false? Materials diffuse from the blood into the tissue fluid up a concentration gradient.

A

false

171
Q

What is the name of the process where particles randomly move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

A

diffusion

172
Q

What happens to the rate of diffusion if the surface area is increased?

A

increases

173
Q

Name the organ that is adapted to absorb the products of digestion in humans.

A

small intestine

174
Q

An experiment was carried out to find out how the mass of potato chips changed when they were left in sugar solutions of different strengths. Which of the following was the dependent variable in this experiment?

A

mass of the potato chips

175
Q

Kieran says that the lungs contain alveoli in order to provide them with an efficient blood supply. Is he right?

A

no

176
Q

What adaptation in fish has increased their surface area to volume ratios?

A

gills

177
Q

A large __________ __________ can increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces in plants and animals. What two words complete the sentence?

A

surface area

178
Q

An experiment was carried out to find out how the mass of potato chips changed when they were left in sugar solutions of different strengths. Which of the following should have been kept the same throughout this experiment?

A

time the chips were left for

179
Q

True or false? During diffusion, substances enter a cell against the concentration gradient.

A

false

180
Q

What name is given to the process by which water moves across a membrane?

A

osmosis

181
Q

Cells differentiate ________ ______________ to perform different functions.

A

during development

182
Q

Cells differentiate during development to perform _________ __________.

A

different functions

183
Q

_____ differentiate during development to perform different functions.

A

cells

184
Q

Besides urea, name a substance that is lost from the body in sweat.

A

water

185
Q

During active transport, substances move against the concentration gradient, from an area of ___ concentration to an area of high concentration.

A

low

186
Q

During active transport, substances move against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of ____ concentration.

A

high

187
Q

In the process of _________, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until its concentration becomes equal throughout a space.

A

diffusion

188
Q

In the process of diffusion, a substance tends to move from an area of ____ concentration to an area of low concentration until its concentration becomes equal throughout a space.

A

high

189
Q

In the process of diffusion, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of ___ concentration until its concentration becomes equal throughout a space.

A

low

190
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • complex
  • all animal and plant cells
191
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • smaller
  • simpler
  • single-celled organisms
192
Q

what is an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

193
Q

what are sperm cells specialised for?

A

reproduction

194
Q

what are nerve cells specialised for?

A

rapid signalling

195
Q

what are muscle cells specialised for?

A

contraction

196
Q

what are root hair cells specialised for?

A

absorbing water and minerals

197
Q

what are xylem and ploem cells specialised for?

A

transporting substances

198
Q

the stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides is called…

A

mitosis

199
Q

multicellular organisms use mitosis to…

A
  • grow
  • replace damaged cells
200
Q

the end of the cell cycle results in…

A

two new cells identical to the original cell

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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