Cells Flashcards
What structure is present in both plant and yeast cells, but not in a bacterial cell?
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- vacuole
Which parts of a cell provide the cell with energy?
mitochondria
Another name for the cells in plants and animals is __________ cells.
eukaryotic
In a cell, most of the chemical reactions take place in the __________.
cytoplasm
Are bacterial cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
prokaryotic
Bacterial cells do not possess a nucleus so they are ____________ cells.
prokaryotic
Bacterial cells do not possess a _________ so they are prokaryotic cells.
nucleus
Plant cells have a cell wall. What other type of cell has this?
algal cell
Which part of a plant cell absorbs light for photosynthesis?
chloroplast
What name is given to a group of cells with similar structure and function?
tissue
tissue
a group of cells with a similar structure and function
Plant cells have a cell wall instead of a cell membrane. True or false?
false
Fill in the missing word in this sentence: the function of ribosomes is to synthesise __________.
proteins
Ribosomes
cell structures which synthesise proteins
What name is given to the short loops of DNA found only in bacterial cells?
plasmid
Which DNA-containing component of other living cells is missing from bacteria?
nucleus
Name the features present in ALL types of plant cells but is never found in animal cells.
- cell wall
- chloroplast
Name one of the structures found in plant cells but not found in bacterial cells.
- chloroplast
- nucleus
True or false? All cells have a nucleus.
false
The plant cell wall is made of a material called __________.
cellulose
Name a structure that would be found in a root hair cell but not in a liver cell.
- vacuole
- cell wall
Cytoplasm
gel-like fluid
What structure controls the passage of substances into and out of a cell?
cell membrane
In a bacterial cell, where would you find the DNA plasmids?
cytoplasm
What fluid is found inside a plant cell’s permanent vacuole?
cell sap
In a bacterial cell, the genes are free in the cytoplasm. In what cell structure are the genes found in plant and animal cells?
nucleus
Which part of a cell controls the cell’s activities?
nucleus
Would you find a large permanent vacuole in a plant or animal cell?
plant cell
Name features present in both an animal cell and a plant cell.
- nucleus
- cell membrane
- mitochondria
- cytoplasm
- vacuole
In what type of cell is the genetic material contained in a single DNA loop?
bacteria (prokaryotic)
The theory of endosymbiosis states that 1.5bn years ago, some early eukaryotes (the ancestor cells of animals and plants) engulfed bacterial cells and kept them prisoner inside their cells. They did this so they could harvest the sugars that the bacterial cells were producing. The bacterial cells used light to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Eventually, these engulfed bacteria became which type of organelles?
chloroplasts
Which part of a plant cell helps maintain its shape?
cell wall
Would you find mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, or both?
both
Which part of a cell synthesises proteins?
ribosomes
Which microorganism is described in the following sentences? “They are small cells. Their cells do not contain a nucleus but do have a cell wall.”
bacteria
In which type of cell would you find a permanent (sap) vacuole: a plant cell or animal cell?
plant cell
In an animal cell, which two cell structures do newly-synthesised enzymes have to pass through to reach the external environment? Write your answer in the form “__________, __________”
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
What is the name of the process that occurs in a cell’s mitochondria?
cellular respiration
example of a tissue
muscle
Chloroplasts absorb energy from what?
light
Cells __________ during development to perform different functions.
differentiate
Give a reason for not using adult stem cells
it’s difficult to get adult stem cells to differentiate
True or false? All human stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any type of human cell.
false
Diabetes and paralysis can both be treated with __________ _____.
stem cells
What type of cell may be used to treat conditions like paralysis?
stem cells
Do both animal and plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their life?
no
Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their life…
but animal cells do not
A bone marrow cell has the ability to change into other types of cell. What name is given to this type of cell?
stem cell
example of stem cells
bone marrow
Stem cells have the ability to _____________ into many other types of cell such as nerve and muscle cells.
differentiate
_____ _____ have the ability to differentiate into many other types of cells
stem cells
What are some of the cells that stem cells can differentiate into?
- nerve cells
- muscle cells
A sperm cell has a long tail and a streamlined head. These features allow it to ________ to the egg.
swim
True or false? Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into nerve cells.
true
Which cell part, found in virtually all cells, are red blood cells missing?
nucleus
___ _____ cells do not have a nucleus.
red blood
Red blood cells do not have a ________.
nucleus
A plant has a desirable trait: it is disease resistant. What can be done to quickly produce large numbers of identical plants with this same trait?
cloning
Plants with a __________ _____ can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants in a short space of time.
desirable trait
Plants with a desirable trait can be _______ to produce large numbers of identical plants in a short space of time.
cloned
Plants with a desirable trait can be cloned to produce large numbers of __________ ______ in a short space of time.
identical plants
Root hair cells increase the ________ ____ of roots.
surface area
_____ ____ cells increase the surface area of roots.
root hair
Root hair cells increase the surface area of _____.
roots
Stem cells have not yet __________, so they retain the ability to develop into other types of cells.
differentiated
Name one type of plant cell that has holes in it to allow substances to flow through.
phloem cell
_______ cells have tiny pores (holes) to allow substances to flow through them from cell to cell.
phloem
Phloem cells have _____ _____ (holes) to allow substances to flow through them from cell to cell.
tiny pores
Phloem cells have tiny pores (holes) to allow substances to flow through them from _____ __ _____.
cell to cell
Some people object to using stem cells from embryos, so instead…
they use adult stem cells from bone marrow
Why do some people use adult stem cells instead of stem cells from embryos?
there is less objection to using these cells than using embryo stem cells
There is a risk that __________ can be transferred when using stem cells in medical treatments.
infections
What name is given to animal cells with the capacity to differentiate into a specialised cell?
stem cells
Stem cells with the most potential for differentiation are obtained from human embryos produced as a result of ___ techniques.
IVF
____ _____ with the most potential for differentiation are obtained from human embryos produced as a result of IVF techniques.
stem cells
Stem cells with the most _________ for differentiation are obtained from human embryos produced as a result of IVF techniques.
potential
Stem cells with the most potential for ________________ are obtained from human embryos produced as a result of IVF techniques.
differentiation
Stem cells with the most potential for differentiation are obtained from human _________ produced as a result of IVF techniques.
embryos
Stem cells can be found in the __________ __________ of adult humans.
bone marrow
Stem cells can be found in the bone marrow of ______ _________.
adult humans
A sperm cell is an _______ cell.
animal
True or false? Stem cells are only found in embryos, not in adult humans.
false
During the development of a multicellular organism, its cells specialise. What is this process of specialisation called?
differentiation
______ cells have bands of thickened tissue arranged in a spiral.
Xylem
Xylem cells have _______ of thickened tissue arranged in a spiral.
bands
Xylem cells have bands of ___________ _____ arranged in a spiral.
thickened tissue
Xylem cells have bands of thickened tissue arranged in a ______.
spiral
Nerve cells can form many branches. How does this relate to their function?
they form networks with other nerve cells
Some types of cell retain the ability to differentiate into other types of cell. Are these cells more common in animals or plants?
plants
________ cells contract and relax to bring about movement.
muscle
Muscle cells __________ ___ ______ to bring about movement.
contract and relax
Muscle cells contract and relax to bring about ___________.
movement
True or false? Plant cells tend to retain the ability to differentiate for longer than animal cells.
true
True or false? In therapeutic cloning, there is a risk of donor stem cells being rejected by the patient’s body.
false
Therapeutic cloning produces stem cells with the same genetic makeup as the ________, therefore there is no risk of the stem cells being rejected by the patient’s body.
patient
Therapeutic cloning produces stem cells with the same genetic makeup as the patient, therefore there is…
no risk of the stem cells being rejected by patient’s body
Rare species of plants can be cloned so they don’t go extinct. To do this, stem cells are taken from the __________ of the plant.
meristem
where are meristems found?
root and shoot tips
Meristems are regions of ______________ ____ in plants that are capable of cell division.
unspecialised cells
Meristem can develop into…
any type of specialised cell
Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in ______ that are capable of cell division.
plants
Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of ____ _________.
cell division
What part of a human bone contains stem cells?
bone marrow
Where is bone marrow found?
inside bones
In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repairing tissues by __________ old or damaged cells.
replacing
There are two ways to culture bacteria in a school laboratory: as colonies on an agar gel plate, or in a… what?
nutrient broth solution
Which has a higher magnification: an electron microscope or a light microscope?
electron microscope
Joanna is culturing bacteria for her class’s investigation. She makes sure to incubate the cultures at no higher than 25°C. The main reason for this is to avoid… what?
growing pathogens that are harmful to humans
Nathan is observing an ant using a digital microscope. The length of the image is 22mm. The ant’s actual length is 2mm. Calculate the magnification of the image.
11
What type of microscope would a biologist use to study sub-cellular structures?
electron microscope
To move the objective lens up and down, I would turn the _________ __________ dial.
rough focusing
True or false? Light microscopes have a higher resolving power than electron microscopes.
false
In a microscope what is the part where you look through called?
eye piece
As evidence of internal structures became more developed because of improvements in the technology of __________, new models of classification were proposed.
microscopes
What type of cell division takes place in body cells?
mitosis
mitosis
a type of cell division that takes place in all body cells
that produces two identical cells
What type of cell division is used to replace old cells?
mitosis
What type of cell division results in cells that are genetically identical?
mitosis
True or false? Mitosis is another name for the cell cycle.
false
How many cells are formed as a result of mitosis?
2
Human cells possess __ chromosomes in each of their nuclei.
46
What type of cell division results in growth?
mitosis
distilled water does not contain any…
ions or sugar
Does active transport require energy?
yes
Active transport requires energy as the substances are moved…
against a concentration gradient
During a marathon the runner will lose a lot of water in… what?
sweat
Active transport requires energy in the form of ___
ATP
Physical activity requires energy. Which substance do sports drinks contain to help maintain energy levels.
sugar
Name one type of substance that is taken into a root hair cell using active transport.
mineral ions such as nitrate ions
Name the process that a cell will use to continue absorbing ions even when their concentration outside the cell is very low.
active transport
_____ ___________ is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the concentration of ions outside the cell is very low.
active transport
Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ____ even when the concentration of ions outside the cell is very low.
ions
Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the _______________ of ions outside the cell is very low.
concentration
Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the concentration of ____ outside the cell is very low.
ions
Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the concentration of ions _______ ____ _____ is very low.
outside the cell
Active transport is a process by which cells can absorb ions even when the concentration of ions outside the cell is very ___.
low
In the small intestine the products of digestion are absorbed by both diffusion and… what?
active transport
During active transport, substances move _________ ___ _____________ ________, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
against the concentration gradient
Besides water, name a substance that is lost from the body in sweat.
urea
Name the organ that is adapted for gaseous exchange in humans.
lungs
The lungs are the organs structurally adapted…
for gaseous exchange in humans
There is a net movement of water into a cell from the surrounding tissue fluid. Is the tissue fluid more or less concentrated than the fluid inside this cell?
less concentrated
Should an ideal exchange surface be thick or thin?
thin
True or false? Diffusion takes place only in liquids.
false
What happens to the rate of diffusion if the temperature is raised?
increases
Name the structure that increases the surface area of the small intestine in humans.
villi
Which organism has a larger surface area to volume ratio: a bacterium or a hedgehog?
bacterium
Earthworms do not need lungs because they can exchange gases over their body surface. Why won’t this work for humans?
our surface area is too small compared to our volume
Multicellular organisms have surfaces and organ systems that are specialised for exchanging materials. This is because multicellular organisms must make up for their __________ surface area to volume ratios compared to single celled organisms. What word completes the sentence?
smaller
True or false? The effectiveness of the gaseous exchange surface in animals is increased by it being ventilated.
true
The diagram shows two solutions separated by a membrane. Water molecules can cross the membrane but solute molecules cannot. What name is given to this type of membrane?
partially permeable membrane
True or false? The lungs have an efficient blood supply to take away the oxygenated blood and maintain the concentration gradient.
true
True or false? It is more difficult to exchange materials effectively in large, complex organisms than in small, simple organisms.
true
__________ substances can move into or out of cells by diffusion.
soluble (dissolved)
The small intestine is adapted for exchanging materials because it has a large surface area, a thin membrane, and an efficient __________ supply. What word completes the sentence?
blood
True or false? Dissolved substances cannot move by active transport.
false
What name is given to the process by which substances pass into or out of a cell from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
diffusion and osmosis
The effectiveness of the lungs in humans is improved by them being ventilated. What does this mean?
they constantly exchange air with the environment
True or false? Water molecules move into and out of cells through the cell membrane by active transport.
false
Is osmosis a type of active transport or a type of diffusion?
diffusion
Osmosis is a special case of _________. It is not a form of active transport as osmosis does not require an input of energy.
diffusion
Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. It is not a form of active transport as osmosis does not…
require an input of energy
What type of transport is usually happening when oxygen is absorbed into cells?
diffusion
What name is given to the process by which a dissolved substance moves across a boundary to an area of lower concentration?
diffusion
Name the waste product formed from the breakdown of amino acids, which is transported around the body in the blood plasma.
urea
What substance can move across a barrier by osmosis?
water molecules
Name a gaseous waste product of respiration that moves out of the cell by diffusion.
carbon dioxide
True or false? The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased if there is a long diffusion path.
false
An experiment was carried out to find out how the mass of potato chips changed when they were left in sugar solutions of different strengths. Which of the following was the independent variable in this experiment?
strength of sugar solution
True or false? Materials diffuse from the blood into the tissue fluid up a concentration gradient.
false
What is the name of the process where particles randomly move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
diffusion
What happens to the rate of diffusion if the surface area is increased?
increases
Name the organ that is adapted to absorb the products of digestion in humans.
small intestine
An experiment was carried out to find out how the mass of potato chips changed when they were left in sugar solutions of different strengths. Which of the following was the dependent variable in this experiment?
mass of the potato chips
Kieran says that the lungs contain alveoli in order to provide them with an efficient blood supply. Is he right?
no
What adaptation in fish has increased their surface area to volume ratios?
gills
A large __________ __________ can increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces in plants and animals. What two words complete the sentence?
surface area
An experiment was carried out to find out how the mass of potato chips changed when they were left in sugar solutions of different strengths. Which of the following should have been kept the same throughout this experiment?
time the chips were left for
True or false? During diffusion, substances enter a cell against the concentration gradient.
false
What name is given to the process by which water moves across a membrane?
osmosis
Cells differentiate ________ ______________ to perform different functions.
during development
Cells differentiate during development to perform _________ __________.
different functions
_____ differentiate during development to perform different functions.
cells
Besides urea, name a substance that is lost from the body in sweat.
water
During active transport, substances move against the concentration gradient, from an area of ___ concentration to an area of high concentration.
low
During active transport, substances move against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of ____ concentration.
high
In the process of _________, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until its concentration becomes equal throughout a space.
diffusion
In the process of diffusion, a substance tends to move from an area of ____ concentration to an area of low concentration until its concentration becomes equal throughout a space.
high
In the process of diffusion, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of ___ concentration until its concentration becomes equal throughout a space.
low
eukaryotic cells
- complex
- all animal and plant cells
prokaryotic cells
- smaller
- simpler
- single-celled organisms
what is an example of a prokaryotic cell
bacteria
what are sperm cells specialised for?
reproduction
what are nerve cells specialised for?
rapid signalling
what are muscle cells specialised for?
contraction
what are root hair cells specialised for?
absorbing water and minerals
what are xylem and ploem cells specialised for?
transporting substances
the stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides is called…
mitosis
multicellular organisms use mitosis to…
- grow
- replace damaged cells
the end of the cell cycle results in…
two new cells identical to the original cell
