Bioenergetics Flashcards
What name is given to a factor which is preventing any increase in photosynthesis?
limiting factor
What gas is needed by plants for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide
What sugar is formed in photosynthesis?
glucose
During the day in a greenhouse, it is warm and there is plenty of light, so the concentration of __________ __________ could be increased to boost the rate of photosynthesis. What two words complete the sentence?
carbon dioxide
Sam is investigating the factors that affect photosynthesis. She keeps some plants in the dark for 24–48 hours. They receive no light. What carbohydrate does this remove from the plants?
glucose
Photosynthesis requires energy. What gives energy to a plant?
light
What is the chemical in leaves that absorbs light?
chlorophyll
What gas is produced by plants as a waste product of photosynthesis?
oxygen
What substance produced in photosynthesis is used in plants to make fats and oils?
glucose
Name the substance that is removed from the air by plants for photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide
In order to make proteins, plant cells need nitrogen. They absorb nitrogen in the form of __________ ions from the soil.
nitrate
What is the ultimate source of energy for green plants?
light
In plant cells, food is stored in the form of starch, fat or __________.
oil
Plants use nitrate to make proteins. Where do they obtain this nitrate from?
soil
In a greenhouse, you can control the temperature, light intensity, or carbon dioxide level in order to make it the __________ factor in photosynthesis.
limiting
When leaves are tested for starch with iodine, what colour indicates the presence of starch?
blue-black
In plants, nitrogen is absorbed in the form of nitrate __________.
ions
What is the name of the storage carbohydrate found in plants?
starch
The leaves of the unhealthy plant are yellow. What substance is missing from them but present in green leaves?
chlorophyll
On a sunny summer day, what factor is likely to limit the rate of photosynthesis in plants?
carbon dioxide levels
Why is glucose unsuitable for storage in plants?
it is soluble
Light intensity follows the inverse square law. This means that when you double the distance between a plant and its source of light, the light intensity… what?
reduces to 1/4
Plants’ leaves absorb energy from __________, which often comes from the Sun. What word completes the sentence?
light
The energy in a green plant is in what kind of energy store?
chemical energy store
Plant cells may contain starch granules. The function of starch granules is to… what?
store food
What chemical, needed for plant growth, will be in short supply if the plant gets insufficient nitrates?
protein
Some plant cells contain oil droplets which store __________. What word completes this sentence to describe the function of these droplets?
food
Light intensity decreases as the distance between the light source and the plant increases. This is called __________ proportionality.
inverse
Which essential substance for photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil?
water
The rate of photosynthesis is controlled by temperature, availability of carbon dioxide and which other factor?
light intensity
The rate of photosynthesis is controlled by light intensity, availability of carbon dioxide and which other factor?
temperature
In order to make proteins from glucose, what other substance do plant cells need?
nitrate
What substance is tested for to see if photosynthesis has occurred in a leaf?
starch
What is the name of the process by which a plant transforms the energy from the Sun to stored energy in its leaves?
photosynthesis
What product of photosynthesis is used to make starch?
glucose
Plants store carbohydrates as starch. Name one other substance used for food storage in plants, especially in their seeds.
fat
In plants, __________ is used to strengthen the cell wall.
cellulose
What product from photosynthesis is used to make cellulose?
glucose
________ is the sugar used in fermentation.
glucose
Glucose is the ______ used in fermentation.
sugar
Glucose is the sugar used in ______________.
fermentation
what is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast
glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol
________ → carbon dioxide + ethanol
glucose
glucose → _______ __________ + ethanol
carbon dioxide
glucose → carbon dioxide + ________
ethanol
What is the name of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
Oxygen is a reactant in respiration. Name the other reactant.
glucose
Glucose is a reactant in respiration. Name the other reactant.
oxygen
In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and carbon dioxide, water and __________ are released.
energy
Which chemical, apart from glucose, is used in aerobic respiration?
oxygen
Name the organism that is usually used to produce ethanol from plant material.
yeast
In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and __________ __________, water and energy are released.
carbon dioxide
what is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?
glucose → lactic acid + energy
________ → lactic acid + energy
glucose
glucose → ________ _____ + energy
lactic acid
glucose → lactic acid + _______
energy
What substance, produced in plants during photosynthesis, is used in respiration?
glucose
In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and carbon dioxide, __________ and energy are released.
water
What substance is removed from the air by living things for respiration?
oxygen
True or false? Respiration releases energy.
true
Name a type of food (not a drink) produced using yeast.
bread
Name the micro-organism used to produce bread, beer and wine.
yeast
Which gas is produced as a waste product of aerobic respiration?
carbon dioxide
What variable that affects fermentation would need to be controlled?
temperature
After anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is oxidised to form carbon dioxide and what other product?
water
What is the name of respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen?
aerobic respiration
Organisms need energy for chemical reactions to build larger molecules. They also need energy to move and to stay __________.
warm
Does anaerobic respiration release more, less or the same amount of energy as aerobic respiration?
less
Ethanol is produced during fermentation. What is the other product?
carbon dioxide
True or false? All living things respire all the time.
true
In which part of a cell does most aerobic respiration take place?
mitochondria
Aerobic respiration is respiration which uses glucose and __________.
oxygen
When plants respire, what gas is released into the atmosphere?
carbon dioxide
What word is used to describe respiration which “uses oxygen”?
aerobic respiration
The fermentation container is kept sealed during the production of beer to prevent the entry of microorganisms and what else?
oxygen
True or false? Plants only respire at night.
false
An athlete has just finished a 200m race. What chemical will be present at a higher level than normal in her muscles?
lactic acid
In the processes of metabolism, energy from __________ ___________ is used to synthesise new molecules. What cellular process goes in the blank?
cellular respiration
At a synapse, what is released by one neurone to cause an impulse in the other?
neurotransmitter
During exercise, the breathing rate increases to supply more __________ to the body.
oxygen
What is said to be “paid back” by the oxidation of lactic acid after anaerobic respiration?
oxygen debt
Whenever Ian “The Thorpedo” Thorpe swims laps, lactic acid builds up in his Olympic gold medal-winning muscles. It is then transported through his Olympic gold medal-winning blood to his Olympic gold medal-winning __________, where it is converted back into glucose. What organ completes the sentence?
liver
True or false? Increasing the rate of respiration will also increase the concentration of carbon dioxide found in muscle tissue.
true
During exercise, does the heart rate increase or decrease?
increase
In a reflex action, where do sensory and relay neurones meet?
central nervous system
What type of respiration occurs when oxygen is in short supply?
anaerobic respiration
During exercise, the supply of glucose and __________ to muscles is increased.
oxygen
The junction between two neurones is called a __________.
synapse
True or false? Marathon runners control their breathing rate to try to avoid anaerobic respiration because it gives them less energy than aerobic respiration.
true
During exercise, the supply of oxygen and __________ to muscles increases.
glucose
As a person increases the intensity of an exercise their heart rate and __________ rate will increase.
breathing
Which nitrogen-containing substance is formed when amino acids are broken down?
urea
What is the name for the sum of all the reactions in a cell or body?
metabolism
True or false? At the end of an 800m race, both an athlete’s breathing and heart rate will be higher than normal.
true
During exercise, do you take deeper or shallower breaths?
deeper
What happens to the heart rate during exercise?
increases
What waste chemical is produced in anaerobic respiration in animals?
lactic acid
Which organ do we excrete most of our carbon dioxide from?
lungs
During exercise, does blood flow to the muscles increase or decrease?
increase
What substances control all the chemical reactions in a cell?
enzymes
Name one of the substances that the blood supplies to the muscles during exercise
glucose
During anaerobic respiration in animals, __________ is converted into lactic acid.
glucose
The build up of which acid causes fatigue in vigorously exercising muscle?
lactic acid
During exercise, does the breathing rate increase or decrease?
increase
What substance is removed from muscles by the blood during exercise?
carbon dioxide
Name the substance that is removed from the soil by plants for photosynthesis.
water
Organisms need energy for chemical reactions to build larger molecules. They also need energy to…
- move
- stay warm
what equation is this of?
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
aerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
glucose + ________ → carbon dioxide + water + energy
oxygen
aerobic respiration
_________+ oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
glucose
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → _________ _________ + water + energy
carbon dioxide
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + _______ + energy
water
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + _______
energy
what equation is this?
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
anaerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
________ → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
glucose
anaerobic respiration
Glucose → ________ + carbon dioxide + energy
ethanol
anaerobic respiration
Glucose → ethanol + ________ ________ + energy
carbon dioxide
anaerobic respiration
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + _______
energy
________________ produces glucose using light
photosynthesis
photosynthesis produces _________ using light
glucose
photosynthesis produces glucose using _____
light
photosynthesis
________ ________ + water —> glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + ______ —> glucose + oxygen
water
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water —> ________ + oxygen
glucose
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + ________
oxygen
what are the five ways that plants use glucose?
- respiration
- make cellulose
- make amino acids
- stored as oils or fats
- stored as starch
what are the 3 things that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
- light intensity
- concentration of CO2
- temperature
what can the amount of chlorophyll in a plant be affected by?
- disease
- lack of nutrients
the most common way to artificially create the ideal environment for plants is to grow them in a ______________
greenhouse
greenhouses help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become __________
limiting
______________ help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become limiting
greenhouses
greenhouses help trap the sun’s ____ and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become limiting
heat
greenhouses help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the _____________ doesn’t become limiting
temperature
____________ is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)
respiration
respiration is the process of _____________ energy from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)
transferring
respiration is the process of transferring ______ from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)
energy
respiration is the process of transferring energy from the ____________ of glucose (sugar)
breakdown
respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of ________ (sugar)
glucose
respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose (_____)
sugar
is respiration exothermic or endothermic?
exothermic
what are 3 examples of how organisms use the energy transferred by respiration?
- build up larger molecules from smaller ones (proteins from amino acids)
- allow muscles to contract in animals
- keep body temperature steady in colder surroundings
_____________ is all the chemical reactions in an organism
metabolism
metabolism is ___ the chemical reactions in an organism
all
metabolism is all the _________ ___________ in an organism
chemical reactions
metabolism is all the chemical reactions in an __________
organism
aerobic respiration uses…
oxygen
___________ respiration is used if there is not enough oxygen
anaerobic
anaerobic respiration is used if there is ____ enough oxygen
not
anaerobic respiration is used if there is not enough _______
oxygen
most of the ___________ in aerobic respiration happen inside the mitochondria
reactions
most of the reactions in ________ respiration happen inside the mitochondria
aerobic
most of the reactions in aerobic respiration happen inside the ________________
mitochondria
aerobic respiration
________ + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
glucose
aerobic respiration
glucose + ________ —> carbon dioxide + water
oxygen
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + ______
water
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —> ________ _________ + water
carbon dioxide
when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough ______ to your muscles they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration
oxygen
when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your ________ they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration
muscles
when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles they start doing ___________ respiration as well as aerobic respiration
anaerobic
when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as ________ respiration
aerobic
what does this equation show?
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration in muscles
________ —> lactic acid
glucose
anaerobic respiration in muscles
glucose —> _____ ____
lactic acid
what does this equation show?
glucose —> lactic acid
anaerobic respiration in muscles
why does anaerobic respiration not transfer nearly as much energy as aerobic respiration?
isn’t fully oxidised (doesn’t combine with oxygen)
anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls
________ —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
glucose
anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls
glucose —> _______ + carbon dioxide
ethanol
anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls
glucose —> ethanol + _______ ________
carbon dioxide
what does this question show?
glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls
what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?
fermentation
yeast are ______- ______ ________
single-celled organisms
______ are single-celled organisms
yeast
