Bioenergetics Flashcards
1
Q
What name is given to a factor which is preventing any increase in photosynthesis?
A
limiting factor
2
Q
What gas is needed by plants for photosynthesis?
A
carbon dioxide
3
Q
What sugar is formed in photosynthesis?
A
glucose
4
Q
During the day in a greenhouse, it is warm and there is plenty of light, so the concentration of __________ __________ could be increased to boost the rate of photosynthesis. What two words complete the sentence?
A
carbon dioxide
5
Q
Sam is investigating the factors that affect photosynthesis. She keeps some plants in the dark for 24–48 hours. They receive no light. What carbohydrate does this remove from the plants?
A
glucose
6
Q
Photosynthesis requires energy. What gives energy to a plant?
A
light
7
Q
What is the chemical in leaves that absorbs light?
A
chlorophyll
8
Q
What gas is produced by plants as a waste product of photosynthesis?
A
oxygen
9
Q
What substance produced in photosynthesis is used in plants to make fats and oils?
A
glucose
10
Q
Name the substance that is removed from the air by plants for photosynthesis.
A
carbon dioxide
11
Q
In order to make proteins, plant cells need nitrogen. They absorb nitrogen in the form of __________ ions from the soil.
A
nitrate
12
Q
What is the ultimate source of energy for green plants?
A
light
13
Q
In plant cells, food is stored in the form of starch, fat or __________.
A
oil
14
Q
Plants use nitrate to make proteins. Where do they obtain this nitrate from?
A
soil
15
Q
In a greenhouse, you can control the temperature, light intensity, or carbon dioxide level in order to make it the __________ factor in photosynthesis.
A
limiting
16
Q
When leaves are tested for starch with iodine, what colour indicates the presence of starch?
A
blue-black
17
Q
In plants, nitrogen is absorbed in the form of nitrate __________.
A
ions
18
Q
What is the name of the storage carbohydrate found in plants?
A
starch
19
Q
The leaves of the unhealthy plant are yellow. What substance is missing from them but present in green leaves?
A
chlorophyll
20
Q
On a sunny summer day, what factor is likely to limit the rate of photosynthesis in plants?
A
carbon dioxide levels
21
Q
Why is glucose unsuitable for storage in plants?
A
it is soluble
22
Q
Light intensity follows the inverse square law. This means that when you double the distance between a plant and its source of light, the light intensity… what?
A
reduces to 1/4
23
Q
Plants’ leaves absorb energy from __________, which often comes from the Sun. What word completes the sentence?
A
light
24
Q
The energy in a green plant is in what kind of energy store?
A
chemical energy store
25
Plant cells may contain starch granules. The function of starch granules is to... what?
store food
26
What chemical, needed for plant growth, will be in short supply if the plant gets insufficient nitrates?
protein
27
Some plant cells contain oil droplets which store __________. What word completes this sentence to describe the function of these droplets?
food
28
Light intensity decreases as the distance between the light source and the plant increases. This is called __________ proportionality.
inverse
29
Which essential substance for photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil?
water
30
The rate of photosynthesis is controlled by temperature, availability of carbon dioxide and which other factor?
light intensity
31
The rate of photosynthesis is controlled by light intensity, availability of carbon dioxide and which other factor?
temperature
32
In order to make proteins from glucose, what other substance do plant cells need?
nitrate
33
What substance is tested for to see if photosynthesis has occurred in a leaf?
starch
34
What is the name of the process by which a plant transforms the energy from the Sun to stored energy in its leaves?
photosynthesis
35
What product of photosynthesis is used to make starch?
glucose
36
Plants store carbohydrates as starch. Name one other substance used for food storage in plants, especially in their seeds.
fat
37
In plants, __________ is used to strengthen the cell wall.
cellulose
38
What product from photosynthesis is used to make cellulose?
glucose
39
________ is the sugar used in fermentation.
glucose
40
Glucose is the ______ used in fermentation.
sugar
41
Glucose is the sugar used in ______________.
fermentation
42
what is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast
glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol
43
________ → carbon dioxide + ethanol
glucose
44
glucose → _______ __________ + ethanol
carbon dioxide
45
glucose → carbon dioxide + ________
ethanol
46
What is the name of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
47
Oxygen is a reactant in respiration. Name the other reactant.
glucose
48
Glucose is a reactant in respiration. Name the other reactant.
oxygen
49
In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and carbon dioxide, water and __________ are released.
energy
50
Which chemical, apart from glucose, is used in aerobic respiration?
oxygen
51
Name the organism that is usually used to produce ethanol from plant material.
yeast
52
In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and __________ __________, water and energy are released.
carbon dioxide
53
what is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?
glucose → lactic acid + energy
54
________ → lactic acid + energy
glucose
55
glucose → ________ _____ + energy
lactic acid
56
glucose → lactic acid + _______
energy
57
What substance, produced in plants during photosynthesis, is used in respiration?
glucose
58
In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and carbon dioxide, __________ and energy are released.
water
59
What substance is removed from the air by living things for respiration?
oxygen
60
True or false? Respiration releases energy.
true
61
Name a type of food (not a drink) produced using yeast.
bread
62
Name the micro-organism used to produce bread, beer and wine.
yeast
63
Which gas is produced as a waste product of aerobic respiration?
carbon dioxide
64
What variable that affects fermentation would need to be controlled?
temperature
65
After anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is oxidised to form carbon dioxide and what other product?
water
66
What is the name of respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen?
aerobic respiration
67
Organisms need energy for chemical reactions to build larger molecules. They also need energy to move and to stay __________.
warm
68
Does anaerobic respiration release more, less or the same amount of energy as aerobic respiration?
less
69
Ethanol is produced during fermentation. What is the other product?
carbon dioxide
70
True or false? All living things respire all the time.
true
71
In which part of a cell does most aerobic respiration take place?
mitochondria
72
Aerobic respiration is respiration which uses glucose and __________.
oxygen
73
When plants respire, what gas is released into the atmosphere?
carbon dioxide
74
What word is used to describe respiration which "uses oxygen"?
aerobic respiration
75
The fermentation container is kept sealed during the production of beer to prevent the entry of microorganisms and what else?
oxygen
76
True or false? Plants only respire at night.
false
77
An athlete has just finished a 200m race. What chemical will be present at a higher level than normal in her muscles?
lactic acid
78
In the processes of metabolism, energy from __________ ___________ is used to synthesise new molecules. What cellular process goes in the blank?
cellular respiration
79
At a synapse, what is released by one neurone to cause an impulse in the other?
neurotransmitter
80
During exercise, the breathing rate increases to supply more __________ to the body.
oxygen
81
What is said to be "paid back" by the oxidation of lactic acid after anaerobic respiration?
oxygen debt
82
Whenever Ian "The Thorpedo" Thorpe swims laps, lactic acid builds up in his Olympic gold medal-winning muscles. It is then transported through his Olympic gold medal-winning blood to his Olympic gold medal-winning __________, where it is converted back into glucose. What organ completes the sentence?
liver
83
True or false? Increasing the rate of respiration will also increase the concentration of carbon dioxide found in muscle tissue.
true
84
During exercise, does the heart rate increase or decrease?
increase
85
In a reflex action, where do sensory and relay neurones meet?
central nervous system
86
What type of respiration occurs when oxygen is in short supply?
anaerobic respiration
87
During exercise, the supply of glucose and __________ to muscles is increased.
oxygen
88
The junction between two neurones is called a __________.
synapse
89
True or false? Marathon runners control their breathing rate to try to avoid anaerobic respiration because it gives them less energy than aerobic respiration.
true
90
During exercise, the supply of oxygen and __________ to muscles increases.
glucose
91
As a person increases the intensity of an exercise their heart rate and __________ rate will increase.
breathing
92
Which nitrogen-containing substance is formed when amino acids are broken down?
urea
93
What is the name for the sum of all the reactions in a cell or body?
metabolism
94
True or false? At the end of an 800m race, both an athlete's breathing and heart rate will be higher than normal.
true
95
During exercise, do you take deeper or shallower breaths?
deeper
96
What happens to the heart rate during exercise?
increases
97
What waste chemical is produced in anaerobic respiration in animals?
lactic acid
98
Which organ do we excrete most of our carbon dioxide from?
lungs
99
During exercise, does blood flow to the muscles increase or decrease?
increase
100
What substances control all the chemical reactions in a cell?
enzymes
101
Name one of the substances that the blood supplies to the muscles during exercise
glucose
102
During anaerobic respiration in animals, __________ is converted into lactic acid.
glucose
103
The build up of which acid causes fatigue in vigorously exercising muscle?
lactic acid
104
During exercise, does the breathing rate increase or decrease?
increase
105
What substance is removed from muscles by the blood during exercise?
carbon dioxide
106
Name the substance that is removed from the soil by plants for photosynthesis.
water
107
Organisms need energy for chemical reactions to build larger molecules. They also need energy to…
- move
- stay warm
108
what equation is this of?
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
aerobic respiration
109
aerobic respiration
glucose + ________ → carbon dioxide + water + energy
oxygen
110
aerobic respiration
_________+ oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
glucose
111
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → _________ _________ + water + energy
carbon dioxide
112
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + _______ + energy
water
113
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + _______
energy
114
what equation is this?
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
anaerobic respiration
115
anaerobic respiration
________ → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
glucose
116
anaerobic respiration
Glucose → ________ + carbon dioxide + energy
ethanol
117
anaerobic respiration
Glucose → ethanol + ________ ________ + energy
carbon dioxide
118
anaerobic respiration
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + _______
energy
119
________________ produces glucose using light
photosynthesis
120
photosynthesis produces _________ using light
glucose
121
photosynthesis produces glucose using _____
light
122
photosynthesis
________ ________ + water —> glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide
123
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + ______ —> glucose + oxygen
water
124
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water —> ________ + oxygen
glucose
125
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + ________
oxygen
126
what are the five ways that plants use glucose?
- respiration
- make cellulose
- make amino acids
- stored as oils or fats
- stored as starch
127
what are the 3 things that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
- light intensity
- concentration of CO2
- temperature
128
what can the amount of chlorophyll in a plant be affected by?
- disease
- lack of nutrients
129
the most common way to artificially create the ideal environment for plants is to grow them in a ______________
greenhouse
130
greenhouses help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become __________
limiting
131
______________ help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become limiting
greenhouses
132
greenhouses help trap the sun’s ____ and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become limiting
heat
133
greenhouses help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the _____________ doesn’t become limiting
temperature
134
____________ is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)
respiration
135
respiration is the process of _____________ energy from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)
transferring
136
respiration is the process of transferring ______ from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)
energy
137
respiration is the process of transferring energy from the ____________ of glucose (sugar)
breakdown
138
respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of ________ (sugar)
glucose
139
respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose (_____)
sugar
140
is respiration exothermic or endothermic?
exothermic
141
what are 3 examples of how organisms use the energy transferred by respiration?
- build up larger molecules from smaller ones (proteins from amino acids)
- allow muscles to contract in animals
- keep body temperature steady in colder surroundings
142
_____________ is all the chemical reactions in an organism
metabolism
143
metabolism is ___ the chemical reactions in an organism
all
144
metabolism is all the _________ ___________ in an organism
chemical reactions
145
metabolism is all the chemical reactions in an __________
organism
146
aerobic respiration uses…
oxygen
147
___________ respiration is used if there is not enough oxygen
anaerobic
148
anaerobic respiration is used if there is ____ enough oxygen
not
149
anaerobic respiration is used if there is not enough _______
oxygen
150
most of the ___________ in aerobic respiration happen inside the mitochondria
reactions
151
most of the reactions in ________ respiration happen inside the mitochondria
aerobic
152
most of the reactions in aerobic respiration happen inside the ________________
mitochondria
153
aerobic respiration
________ + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
glucose
154
aerobic respiration
glucose + ________ —> carbon dioxide + water
oxygen
155
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + ______
water
156
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —> ________ _________ + water
carbon dioxide
157
when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough ______ to your muscles they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration
oxygen
158
when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your ________ they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration
muscles
159
when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles they start doing ___________ respiration as well as aerobic respiration
anaerobic
160
when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as ________ respiration
aerobic
161
what does this equation show?
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
aerobic respiration
162
anaerobic respiration in muscles
________ —> lactic acid
glucose
163
anaerobic respiration in muscles
glucose —> _____ ____
lactic acid
164
what does this equation show?
glucose —> lactic acid
anaerobic respiration in muscles
165
why does anaerobic respiration not transfer nearly as much energy as aerobic respiration?
isn’t fully oxidised (doesn’t combine with oxygen)
166
anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls
________ —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
glucose
167
anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls
glucose —> _______ + carbon dioxide
ethanol
168
anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls
glucose —> ethanol + _______ ________
carbon dioxide
169
what does this question show?
glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls
170
what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?
fermentation
171
yeast are ______- ______ ________
single-celled organisms
172
______ are single-celled organisms
yeast
