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Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What name is given to a factor which is preventing any increase in photosynthesis?

A

limiting factor

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2
Q

What gas is needed by plants for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What sugar is formed in photosynthesis?

A

glucose

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4
Q

During the day in a greenhouse, it is warm and there is plenty of light, so the concentration of __________ __________ could be increased to boost the rate of photosynthesis. What two words complete the sentence?

A

carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Sam is investigating the factors that affect photosynthesis. She keeps some plants in the dark for 24–48 hours. They receive no light. What carbohydrate does this remove from the plants?

A

glucose

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6
Q

Photosynthesis requires energy. What gives energy to a plant?

A

light

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7
Q

What is the chemical in leaves that absorbs light?

A

chlorophyll

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8
Q

What gas is produced by plants as a waste product of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen

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9
Q

What substance produced in photosynthesis is used in plants to make fats and oils?

A

glucose

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10
Q

Name the substance that is removed from the air by plants for photosynthesis.

A

carbon dioxide

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11
Q

In order to make proteins, plant cells need nitrogen. They absorb nitrogen in the form of __________ ions from the soil.

A

nitrate

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12
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy for green plants?

A

light

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13
Q

In plant cells, food is stored in the form of starch, fat or __________.

A

oil

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14
Q

Plants use nitrate to make proteins. Where do they obtain this nitrate from?

A

soil

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15
Q

In a greenhouse, you can control the temperature, light intensity, or carbon dioxide level in order to make it the __________ factor in photosynthesis.

A

limiting

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16
Q

When leaves are tested for starch with iodine, what colour indicates the presence of starch?

A

blue-black

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17
Q

In plants, nitrogen is absorbed in the form of nitrate __________.

A

ions

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18
Q

What is the name of the storage carbohydrate found in plants?

A

starch

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19
Q

The leaves of the unhealthy plant are yellow. What substance is missing from them but present in green leaves?

A

chlorophyll

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20
Q

On a sunny summer day, what factor is likely to limit the rate of photosynthesis in plants?

A

carbon dioxide levels

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21
Q

Why is glucose unsuitable for storage in plants?

A

it is soluble

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22
Q

Light intensity follows the inverse square law. This means that when you double the distance between a plant and its source of light, the light intensity… what?

A

reduces to 1/4

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23
Q

Plants’ leaves absorb energy from __________, which often comes from the Sun. What word completes the sentence?

A

light

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24
Q

The energy in a green plant is in what kind of energy store?

A

chemical energy store

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25
Q

Plant cells may contain starch granules. The function of starch granules is to… what?

A

store food

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26
Q

What chemical, needed for plant growth, will be in short supply if the plant gets insufficient nitrates?

A

protein

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27
Q

Some plant cells contain oil droplets which store __________. What word completes this sentence to describe the function of these droplets?

A

food

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28
Q

Light intensity decreases as the distance between the light source and the plant increases. This is called __________ proportionality.

A

inverse

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29
Q

Which essential substance for photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil?

A

water

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30
Q

The rate of photosynthesis is controlled by temperature, availability of carbon dioxide and which other factor?

A

light intensity

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31
Q

The rate of photosynthesis is controlled by light intensity, availability of carbon dioxide and which other factor?

A

temperature

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32
Q

In order to make proteins from glucose, what other substance do plant cells need?

A

nitrate

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33
Q

What substance is tested for to see if photosynthesis has occurred in a leaf?

A

starch

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34
Q

What is the name of the process by which a plant transforms the energy from the Sun to stored energy in its leaves?

A

photosynthesis

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35
Q

What product of photosynthesis is used to make starch?

A

glucose

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36
Q

Plants store carbohydrates as starch. Name one other substance used for food storage in plants, especially in their seeds.

A

fat

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37
Q

In plants, __________ is used to strengthen the cell wall.

A

cellulose

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38
Q

What product from photosynthesis is used to make cellulose?

A

glucose

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39
Q

________ is the sugar used in fermentation.

A

glucose

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40
Q

Glucose is the ______ used in fermentation.

A

sugar

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41
Q

Glucose is the sugar used in ______________.

A

fermentation

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42
Q

what is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol

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43
Q

________ → carbon dioxide + ethanol

A

glucose

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44
Q

glucose → _______ __________ + ethanol

A

carbon dioxide

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45
Q

glucose → carbon dioxide + ________

A

ethanol

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46
Q

What is the name of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen?

A

anaerobic respiration

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47
Q

Oxygen is a reactant in respiration. Name the other reactant.

A

glucose

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48
Q

Glucose is a reactant in respiration. Name the other reactant.

A

oxygen

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49
Q

In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and carbon dioxide, water and __________ are released.

A

energy

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50
Q

Which chemical, apart from glucose, is used in aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen

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51
Q

Name the organism that is usually used to produce ethanol from plant material.

A

yeast

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52
Q

In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and __________ __________, water and energy are released.

A

carbon dioxide

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53
Q

what is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

A

glucose → lactic acid + energy

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54
Q

________ → lactic acid + energy

A

glucose

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55
Q

glucose → ________ _____ + energy

A

lactic acid

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56
Q

glucose → lactic acid + _______

A

energy

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57
Q

What substance, produced in plants during photosynthesis, is used in respiration?

A

glucose

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58
Q

In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are used up and carbon dioxide, __________ and energy are released.

A

water

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59
Q

What substance is removed from the air by living things for respiration?

A

oxygen

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60
Q

True or false? Respiration releases energy.

A

true

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61
Q

Name a type of food (not a drink) produced using yeast.

A

bread

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62
Q

Name the micro-organism used to produce bread, beer and wine.

A

yeast

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63
Q

Which gas is produced as a waste product of aerobic respiration?

A

carbon dioxide

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64
Q

What variable that affects fermentation would need to be controlled?

A

temperature

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65
Q

After anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is oxidised to form carbon dioxide and what other product?

A

water

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66
Q

What is the name of respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen?

A

aerobic respiration

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67
Q

Organisms need energy for chemical reactions to build larger molecules. They also need energy to move and to stay __________.

A

warm

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68
Q

Does anaerobic respiration release more, less or the same amount of energy as aerobic respiration?

A

less

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69
Q

Ethanol is produced during fermentation. What is the other product?

A

carbon dioxide

70
Q

True or false? All living things respire all the time.

A

true

71
Q

In which part of a cell does most aerobic respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

72
Q

Aerobic respiration is respiration which uses glucose and __________.

A

oxygen

73
Q

When plants respire, what gas is released into the atmosphere?

A

carbon dioxide

74
Q

What word is used to describe respiration which “uses oxygen”?

A

aerobic respiration

75
Q

The fermentation container is kept sealed during the production of beer to prevent the entry of microorganisms and what else?

A

oxygen

76
Q

True or false? Plants only respire at night.

A

false

77
Q

An athlete has just finished a 200m race. What chemical will be present at a higher level than normal in her muscles?

A

lactic acid

78
Q

In the processes of metabolism, energy from __________ ___________ is used to synthesise new molecules. What cellular process goes in the blank?

A

cellular respiration

79
Q

At a synapse, what is released by one neurone to cause an impulse in the other?

A

neurotransmitter

80
Q

During exercise, the breathing rate increases to supply more __________ to the body.

A

oxygen

81
Q

What is said to be “paid back” by the oxidation of lactic acid after anaerobic respiration?

A

oxygen debt

82
Q

Whenever Ian “The Thorpedo” Thorpe swims laps, lactic acid builds up in his Olympic gold medal-winning muscles. It is then transported through his Olympic gold medal-winning blood to his Olympic gold medal-winning __________, where it is converted back into glucose. What organ completes the sentence?

A

liver

83
Q

True or false? Increasing the rate of respiration will also increase the concentration of carbon dioxide found in muscle tissue.

A

true

84
Q

During exercise, does the heart rate increase or decrease?

A

increase

85
Q

In a reflex action, where do sensory and relay neurones meet?

A

central nervous system

86
Q

What type of respiration occurs when oxygen is in short supply?

A

anaerobic respiration

87
Q

During exercise, the supply of glucose and __________ to muscles is increased.

A

oxygen

88
Q

The junction between two neurones is called a __________.

A

synapse

89
Q

True or false? Marathon runners control their breathing rate to try to avoid anaerobic respiration because it gives them less energy than aerobic respiration.

A

true

90
Q

During exercise, the supply of oxygen and __________ to muscles increases.

A

glucose

91
Q

As a person increases the intensity of an exercise their heart rate and __________ rate will increase.

A

breathing

92
Q

Which nitrogen-containing substance is formed when amino acids are broken down?

A

urea

93
Q

What is the name for the sum of all the reactions in a cell or body?

A

metabolism

94
Q

True or false? At the end of an 800m race, both an athlete’s breathing and heart rate will be higher than normal.

A

true

95
Q

During exercise, do you take deeper or shallower breaths?

A

deeper

96
Q

What happens to the heart rate during exercise?

A

increases

97
Q

What waste chemical is produced in anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

lactic acid

98
Q

Which organ do we excrete most of our carbon dioxide from?

A

lungs

99
Q

During exercise, does blood flow to the muscles increase or decrease?

A

increase

100
Q

What substances control all the chemical reactions in a cell?

A

enzymes

101
Q

Name one of the substances that the blood supplies to the muscles during exercise

A

glucose

102
Q

During anaerobic respiration in animals, __________ is converted into lactic acid.

A

glucose

103
Q

The build up of which acid causes fatigue in vigorously exercising muscle?

A

lactic acid

104
Q

During exercise, does the breathing rate increase or decrease?

A

increase

105
Q

What substance is removed from muscles by the blood during exercise?

A

carbon dioxide

106
Q

Name the substance that is removed from the soil by plants for photosynthesis.

A

water

107
Q

Organisms need energy for chemical reactions to build larger molecules. They also need energy to…

A
  • move
  • stay warm
108
Q

what equation is this of?

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

A

aerobic respiration

109
Q

aerobic respiration

glucose + ________ → carbon dioxide + water + energy

A

oxygen

110
Q

aerobic respiration

_________+ oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

A

glucose

111
Q

aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen → _________ _________ + water + energy

A

carbon dioxide

112
Q

aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + _______ + energy

A

water

113
Q

aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + _______

A

energy

114
Q

what equation is this?

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

A

anaerobic respiration

115
Q

anaerobic respiration

________ → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

A

glucose

116
Q

anaerobic respiration

Glucose → ________ + carbon dioxide + energy

A

ethanol

117
Q

anaerobic respiration

Glucose → ethanol + ________ ________ + energy

A

carbon dioxide

118
Q

anaerobic respiration

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + _______

A

energy

119
Q

________________ produces glucose using light

A

photosynthesis

120
Q

photosynthesis produces _________ using light

A

glucose

121
Q

photosynthesis produces glucose using _____

A

light

122
Q

photosynthesis

________ ________ + water —> glucose + oxygen

A

carbon dioxide

123
Q

photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + ______ —> glucose + oxygen

A

water

124
Q

photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water —> ________ + oxygen

A

glucose

125
Q

photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + ________

A

oxygen

126
Q

what are the five ways that plants use glucose?

A
  • respiration
  • make cellulose
  • make amino acids
  • stored as oils or fats
  • stored as starch
127
Q

what are the 3 things that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • light intensity
  • concentration of CO2
  • temperature
128
Q

what can the amount of chlorophyll in a plant be affected by?

A
  • disease
  • lack of nutrients
129
Q

the most common way to artificially create the ideal environment for plants is to grow them in a ______________

A

greenhouse

130
Q

greenhouses help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become __________

A

limiting

131
Q

______________ help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become limiting

A

greenhouses

132
Q

greenhouses help trap the sun’s ____ and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become limiting

A

heat

133
Q

greenhouses help trap the sun’s heat and make sure that the _____________ doesn’t become limiting

A

temperature

134
Q

____________ is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)

A

respiration

135
Q

respiration is the process of _____________ energy from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)

A

transferring

136
Q

respiration is the process of transferring ______ from the breakdown of glucose (sugar)

A

energy

137
Q

respiration is the process of transferring energy from the ____________ of glucose (sugar)

A

breakdown

138
Q

respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of ________ (sugar)

A

glucose

139
Q

respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose (_____)

A

sugar

140
Q

is respiration exothermic or endothermic?

A

exothermic

141
Q

what are 3 examples of how organisms use the energy transferred by respiration?

A
  • build up larger molecules from smaller ones (proteins from amino acids)
  • allow muscles to contract in animals
  • keep body temperature steady in colder surroundings
142
Q

_____________ is all the chemical reactions in an organism

A

metabolism

143
Q

metabolism is ___ the chemical reactions in an organism

A

all

144
Q

metabolism is all the _________ ___________ in an organism

A

chemical reactions

145
Q

metabolism is all the chemical reactions in an __________

A

organism

146
Q

aerobic respiration uses…

A

oxygen

147
Q

___________ respiration is used if there is not enough oxygen

A

anaerobic

148
Q

anaerobic respiration is used if there is ____ enough oxygen

A

not

149
Q

anaerobic respiration is used if there is not enough _______

A

oxygen

150
Q

most of the ___________ in aerobic respiration happen inside the mitochondria

A

reactions

151
Q

most of the reactions in ________ respiration happen inside the mitochondria

A

aerobic

152
Q

most of the reactions in aerobic respiration happen inside the ________________

A

mitochondria

153
Q

aerobic respiration

________ + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

A

glucose

154
Q

aerobic respiration

glucose + ________ —> carbon dioxide + water

A

oxygen

155
Q

aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + ______

A

water

156
Q

aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen —> ________ _________ + water

A

carbon dioxide

157
Q

when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough ______ to your muscles they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration

A

oxygen

158
Q

when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your ________ they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration

A

muscles

159
Q

when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles they start doing ___________ respiration as well as aerobic respiration

A

anaerobic

160
Q

when you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as ________ respiration

A

aerobic

161
Q

what does this equation show?

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

A

aerobic respiration

162
Q

anaerobic respiration in muscles

________ —> lactic acid

A

glucose

163
Q

anaerobic respiration in muscles

glucose —> _____ ____

A

lactic acid

164
Q

what does this equation show?

glucose —> lactic acid

A

anaerobic respiration in muscles

165
Q

why does anaerobic respiration not transfer nearly as much energy as aerobic respiration?

A

isn’t fully oxidised (doesn’t combine with oxygen)

166
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls

________ —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

A

glucose

167
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls

glucose —> _______ + carbon dioxide

A

ethanol

168
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls

glucose —> ethanol + _______ ________

A

carbon dioxide

169
Q

what does this question show?

glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

A

anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast calls

170
Q

what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?

A

fermentation

171
Q

yeast are ______- ______ ________

A

single-celled organisms

172
Q

______ are single-celled organisms

A

yeast

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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