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Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A basic building block that all living organisms have

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together (these organ systems also work together to make entire organisms)

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5
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They catalyse (speed up) chemical reactions

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6
Q

Which two factors change the shape of the active site on an enzyme?

A

High temperatures and low pHs

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7
Q

What does amylase do and where is it produced?

A

Breaks down starch into maltose and other sugars and is produced in the salivary glands, small intestine and pancreas

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8
Q

What does protease do and where is it produced?

A

Breaks down protein into amino acids and is produced in the stomach, small intestine and pancreas

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9
Q

What does lipase do and where is it produced?

A

Breaks down lipid into glycerol and fatty acids and is produced in the small intestine and pancreas

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10
Q

In which 2 ways does bile speed up digestion?

A

1: it makes conditions alkaline so enzymes in the small intestine work better
2: it emulsifies fat so there’s a larger surface area for lipase to work on

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11
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder

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12
Q

What are 5 parts of the lung?

A

Trachea
Lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus

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13
Q

Do humans have a single or double circulatory system?

A

Double (circuits 1 and 2)

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14
Q

What is circuit 1 of the heart?

A

Heart (right ventricle) > lungs > heart

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15
Q

What is circuit 2 of the heart?

A

Heart (left ventricle) > rest of body > heart

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16
Q

Does the pulmonary artery go to or from the lungs?

A

To the lungs

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17
Q

Does the vena cava go to or from the body?

A

From the body

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18
Q

Does the aorta go to or from the body?

A

To the body

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19
Q

Does the pulmonary vein go to or from the lungs?

A

From the lungs

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20
Q

What do the valves of the heart do?

A

Stop blood flowing backwards

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21
Q

What do pacemaker cells do?

A

They are found in the right atrium wall and control the resting heart rate.

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22
Q

What do the coronary arteries supply to the heart muscle?

A

Oxygenated blood

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of an artery?

A

Thick muscle and elastic layers because blood pressure is high
Carry blood away from the heart

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of a capillary?

A

Thin, permeable walls to allow substances to diffuse in and out easily
Carry blood close to body cells to exchange substances

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of a vein?

A

Valves inside to stop blood flowing backwards
Thinner walls than arteries because blood pressure is lower
Carry blood back to the heart

26
Q

How do you work out the rate of blood flow?

A

Rate of blood flow = volume of blood / time taken

27
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

Carry oxygen around the body

28
Q

What features does a red blood cell have?

A

No nucleus so more room for O2
Biconcave shape = big surface area = lots of O2 absorbed
Contains haemoglobin which binds to O2

29
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Fight against infection

30
Q

What features do white blood cells have?

A

Nucleus
Phagocytosis
Antitoxins
Antibodies

31
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Help blood clot at a wound

32
Q

What features do platelets have?

A

Fragments of cells

33
Q

What is the function of the plasma?

A

Carries everything in the blood

34
Q

What feature does plasma have?

A

Liquid

35
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Diseases of the heart or blood vessels, eg. Coronary heart disease

36
Q

Tell me about statins for cardiovascular disease.

A

Advantages:
Reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood, which slows down the formation of fatty deposits
Disadvantages:
Need to be taken long-term
Can have negative side-effects

37
Q

Tell me about a stent for cardiovascular disease.

A

Advantages:
Keeps coronary arteries open for a long time
Recovery time from surgery is pretty quick
Disadvantages:
Surgery can cause bleeding and infection

38
Q

Tell me about a heart transplant for cardiovascular disease.

A

Advantages:
Can treat heart failure
Donor hearts work better than artificial ones
Disadvantages:
Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
Donor hearts or valves can be rejected by the immune system

39
Q

Tell me about an artificial heart for cardiovascular disease.

A

Advantages:
Can be used while waiting for a donor heart or while the heart is healing
Disadvantages:
Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
Artificial devices can lead to thrombosis (blood clots in blood vessels)

40
Q

Tell me about replacement heart valves (biological or mechanical) for cardiovascular disease.

A

Advantages:
Can treat severe valve damage (eg. Stiff valves that don’t open properly or leaky valves)
Disadvantages:
Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
Donor hearts or valves can be rejected by the immune system
Artificial devices can lead to thrombosis (blood clots in blood vessels)

41
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

42
Q

What 3 things can affect health?

A

1: diet
2: stress
3: life situation (access to healthcare)

43
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be spread from person to person or between animals and people

44
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot spread between people or between animals and people

45
Q

What can a disorder affecting immune system make more likely?

A

Communicable diseases

46
Q

What can an infection by certain viruses make for likely?

A

Certain cancers

47
Q

What can a pathogen infection that causes an immune system reaction make more likely?

A

Allergic reactions (eg, rashes or asthma)

48
Q

What can severe physical health problems make more likely?

A

Mental health issues (eg, depression)

49
Q

What is the human cost of non-communicable diseases?

A

Tens of millions of people die from non-communicable diseases each year.
Those living with these diseases may have a poorer quality of life and a shorter life-span.

50
Q

What is the financial cost of non-communicable disease?

A

Researching and treating diseases costs health organisations loads of moment.
Those with diseases may not be able to work, which can affect family finances as well as the country’s economy.

51
Q

What are 5 risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

A

1: Lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet are linked to cardiovascular disease
2: Obesity is linked to Type 2 diabetes and cancer of the bowel, liver and kidneys
3: Drinking too much alcohol can cause liver disease and affect brain function
4: Smoking can cause cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer. It is also link to mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer.
5: Exposure to carcinogens (eg. Ionising radiation) can cause cancer.

52
Q

What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumour?

A

A benign tumour usually has a membrane present, so other cells nearby aren’t invaded.
But in a malignant tumour the healthy tissue is invaded (can get into the blood)

53
Q

What is the epidermal tissue?

A

Covered with a waxy cuticle in the leaf to reduce water loss. Cells in the upper layer are transparent to let light though.

54
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

Where most photosynthesis happens (lots of chloroplasts)

55
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

Has air spaces to allow the diffusion of gases

56
Q

What is the meristem tissue?

A

Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots. The cells can differentiate into many types of cell so the plant can grow.

57
Q

What 4 factors are there of xylem?

A

1: hollow tubes made out of dead cells
2: lignin for strength
3: water and mineral ions
4: xylem tissue carries water in the transpiration stream

58
Q

What 4 factors are there for phloem?

A

1: elongated living cells
2: small pores in end walls let cell sap through
3: food substances (mainly dissolved sugars) are moved from leaves to the rest of the plant
4: translocation is the process in which food is moved through phloem tubes

59
Q

Explain transpiration

A

Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant
Water evaporates and diffuses out of the plant, which causes more water to be drawn into the plant from the roots.

60
Q

What 4 things increases transpiration rate?

A

1: Warm temperatures (water molecules have more energy)
2: High light intensity (stomata open when its light)
3: Good air flow
4: Low humidity (fewer water molecules surround the leaves so there’s a higher water concentration inside the leaf than outside it)

61
Q

What happens to the stomata and guard cells when the plant has lots of water?

A

Guard cells are turgid
Stoma open
Water vapour escapes
Gases diffuse in and out

62
Q

what happens to the stomata and guard cells when the plant is short of water or its dark?

A

Guard cells go flaccid
Stoma closes

Biology (8 decks)

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