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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of eukaryotic cells we know?

A

animal and plant

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2
Q

what type of prokaryotic cell do we know?

A

Bacterial

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3
Q

what equation can we use to figure out magnification?

A

magnification = image size/real size

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4
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

contains genetic material

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5
Q

what does the cytoplasm do?

A

where most of the chemical reactions happen

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6
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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7
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

controls what goes in and out

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8
Q

what do the ribosomes do?

A

where proteins are made

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9
Q

what does the cell wall do and what is it made from?

A

it is made from cellulose and it strengthens the cell

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10
Q

what do the chloroplasts do?

A

where photosynthesis occurs

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11
Q

what does the permanent vacuole store?

A

cell sap

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12
Q

what two DNA related things does a prokaryotic cell have?

A

Plasmid (small ring of DNA) and a DNA loop floating in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

what do prokaryotes not have?

A

a true nucleus

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14
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules, which carry genes.

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15
Q

where are chromosomes found?

A

in the nucleus, and they are normally in pairs in body cells

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16
Q

what is a cell cycle?

A

a series of stages in which cells divide to produce new cells (eg. mitosis or meiosis)

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17
Q

what 3 things does a cell do before it divides?

A

1: Grows in size
2: Increases the amoubnt of subcellular structures (mitochondria and ribosomes etc)
3: Duplicates its DNA

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18
Q

what is mitosis?

A

mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides

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19
Q

what steps are there to mitosis?

A

1: The cells DNA is double, so there are two copies of each chromosome (this is the parent cell)
2: One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell
3: The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide
4: Two cells are formed, which are identical to each other and to the parent cell

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20
Q

what does mitosis allow?

A

it allows multicellular organisms to grow and replace cells that have been damaged

21
Q

what is binary fission?

A

the simple cell division by which bacterial cells replicate. It can happen as often as every 20 minutes if there are enough nutrients and the temperature is suitable.

22
Q

what do we call the two cells prduced in binary fission?

A

daughter cells

23
Q

what is differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

24
Q

who loses the ability to differentiate cells?

A

most animal cells lose it at a very early stage, but plant cells never lose the ability.

25
Q

how are sprem cells specialised?

A

long tail and streamlined head for swimming to the egg

26
Q

how are nerve cells specialised?

A

long to cover a large distance, and branched to form a network of connections

27
Q

how are xylem and phloem specialised?

A

xylem cells are hollow and phloem cells have few subcellular structures, so substances can easily flow through them

28
Q

how are muscle cells specialised?

A

long so they have space to contract, and lots of mitochondria for energy

29
Q

how is a root hair cell specialised?

A

large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

30
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells, which can divide and produce lots more stem cells, and can differentiate unto many other types of cell

31
Q

what can stem cells from adult bone marrow become?

A

many kinds of cell, eg blood cells

32
Q

what can stem cells from a human embryo become?

A

any kind of human cell

33
Q

what can stem cells from a plant meristem become?

A

any kind of plant cell

34
Q

can they be grown in a lab?

A

yes

35
Q

what uses do stem cells have in medicine?

A

eg. stem cells could produce nerve cells to treat paralysis, or insulin-producing cells to treat diabetes.
In therapeutic cloning, an embryo could be made with the same genes as the patient - then stem cells used from the embryo wouldn’t be rejected by the patient

36
Q

what uses do stem cells have in plants?

A

produce clones of whole plantd quickly and cheaply, eg. to grow more plants of a rare species, or clone crops with desired features

37
Q

what risk is there to stem cells?

A

they could get a virus, which could be transferred to the patient

38
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Only very small molecules can diffuse through cell membranes

39
Q

What 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

1: A high concentration gradient
2: A high temperature
3: A large surface area

40
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

41
Q

What is active transport?

A

The net movement of a substance against the concentration gradient. Unlike diffusion and osmosis, it requires energy from respiration

42
Q

What 2 things does active transport allow?

A

1: mineral ions (for plant growth) to be absorbed from the soil into root hair cells
2: glucose (for cell respiration) to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the gut

43
Q

Do single-celled organisms have a large or small SA:Vol ratio?

A

Large

44
Q

What 4 things do exchange surfaces usually have?

A

1: large surface are (so lots can diffuse at once)
2: a thin membrane (for short diffusion distance)
3: an efficient blood supply (in animals)
4: ventilation (in gas exchange, in animals)

45
Q

How are leaves adapted for exchange?

A

1: flat shape
2: stomata let gases in and out

46
Q

How are the small intestines adapted for exchange?

A

1: single layer of surface cells
2: covered in villi (tiny little hairs)
3: capillary network

47
Q

How are gills adapted for exchange?

A

1: lots of gill filaments, covered in lamellae
2: lamellae have lots of capillaries
3: lamellae have a thin surface layer of cells

48
Q

How are alveoli adapted for exchange?

A

1: there are millions of alveoli
2: air moves in and out
3: alveoli have thin walls
4: capillary network

Biology (8 decks)

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