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organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are cells

A

the basic structure of all living things

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2
Q

what is tissue and give an example

A

a group of specialised cells with a similar structure or function an example would be muscular tissue

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3
Q

what is an organ and give an example

A

formed from a number of different tissues, working together to complete a specific function an example would be the stomach

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4
Q

how are organs organised, an give an example

A

into organ systems, they work together to perform a specific function an example would be the digestive system

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5
Q

what is the digestive system

A

an example of an organ system. the digestive system helps break down food for your body cells to absorb it

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6
Q

what organs is digestive system made up of and what are their jobs

A
  1. mouth - breaks down carbohydrates by enzymes
  2. oesophagus
  3. stomach - contracts to mix food, pepsin breaks down proteins, produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and create the correct environment for pepsin
    4.small intestine - digested food is absorbed into bloodstream. pancreas makes most of the digestive enzymes ang gets pushed into small intestine. gallbladder released bile (which is made in the liver) to neutralise acid from the stomach and emulsifying fats
  4. large intestine - absorbs excess water and stored as faeces
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7
Q

how is food absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine

A

an example of an exchange surface
- villi increase the surface area meaning digested food absorbed quicker
- villi only have a single layer of surface cells meaning nutrients only diffuses small distances
- villi have good blood supply, maintains the concentration gradient

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8
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a type of catalyst made by living organisms (biological catalyst) - something that speeds up a reaction without being used up

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9
Q

what are enzymes made of

A

large proteins made up of long chains of amino acids. they then fold up to fit different spaces and catalyse different chemical reactions

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10
Q

what is active site

A

the part of the enzyme that is complementary to the substrate. if substrate doesn’t fit, the reaction wont be catalysed. this allows the enzyme to be really specific with what reaction to speed up.

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11
Q

explain the two enzyme actions

A

lock and key: this is the original idea
- scientists thought that substrate has to fit perfectly into the active site

induced fit: realistic idea
- the enzyme changes shape slightly as it binds to the substrate. the active site is complementary to the substrate

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12
Q

how does temperature increase enzymes activity and therefore the rate of reaction

A

as the temperature increases so does the rate of reaction. this increases because the particles have more kinetic energy and are more likely to collide and have enough energy to react

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13
Q

how does a high temperature effect the rate of reaction

A

when temperature is over 37 degrees (normally) it breaks apart the bonds holding enzymes together. The active site begins to change shape and becomes denatured. this means the enzymes won’t be able to bind to substrate

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14
Q

what is PH

A

a measure of acidity

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15
Q

what happens if the PH is too high or too low and explain why

A

it will decrease the rate of reaction because the bonds holding the enzymes will break. the active site begins to change shape. at first the substrate still fits but now as well meaning the rate of reaction is slowed. yet, as time goes on, the substrate can no longer fit and becomes denatured.

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16
Q

what is the optimum ph of different enzymes

A

most common enzymes have a PH of neutral or 7
stomach enzymes have a PH of around 2 to be able to function in the stomach which has an acid environment

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17
Q

what do enzymes do in the digestive system

A

help break down large molecules of food into smaller soluble molecules that are absorbed into lining

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18
Q

explain carbohydrate enzymes

A
  • pasta/ potatoes
  • starch is broken down by amylase into maltase
  • made in the salivary glands, pancreases, small intestine
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19
Q

explain protein enzymes

A
  • nuts/ meats/ beans
  • broken down by protease into amino acids
  • made in the stomach (pepsin), pancreas and small intestine
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20
Q

explain fat/lipid enzymes

A
  • cheese/ oil/ chocolate
  • broken down by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids
  • made in pancreas/ small intestine
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21
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

organ system which transports oxygen and nutrients around the body

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22
Q

annotate a diagram of a heart

A

include:
- atriums ( top two)
- ventricles (bottom two)
- vena cava
- pulmonary artery
- thick muscular walls

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23
Q

what do valves do

A

prevent blood from flowing backward

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24
Q

explain the process of blood flowing in the heart to flow through the body

A
  • blood (deoxygenated coming from the loop around the body) flows through the vena cava. blood (oxygenated coming from the lungs) flows through the pulmonary vein these flow into the right and left atrium.
  • the blood is pushed into the ventricles by the atriums pushing together.
  • ventricles then contract, pushing blood out.
  • the pulmonary artery carries blood out of the heart to the lungs and through the aorta to the rest of the body
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25
Q

what is a pacemaker

A

they create small electrical impulses which spread through the muscular walls of the heart causing them to contract

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26
Q

where do the arteries carry blood

A

carry blood away from the heart

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27
Q

where do veins carry blood

A

carry blood to the heart

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28
Q

what are coronary arteries

A

vessels that encircle the heart ensuring the heart gets all the oxygen and nutrients it needs

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29
Q

what do capillaries do

A

exchange nutrients and oxygen with tissues and take away waste products such as co2

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30
Q

how does the structure of arteries relate to its function

A
  • strong because of the thick layer of muscular tissue
  • elastic because of elastic tissue
  • very thick lumen because of this
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31
Q

how does the structure of capillaries relate to its function

A
  • very small
  • walls are single cell thick (lumen is tiny)
  • permeable meaning diffusion can occur easily
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32
Q

how does the structure of veins relate to its function

A
  • large (biggest lumen)
  • thin walls ( elastic fibres and muscle
  • low pressure of blood
  • veins have valves
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33
Q

how do you calculate blood flow

A

blood flow divided by time

34
Q

what is contained in our blood

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
35
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen from lungs to body tissues

36
Q

what is Haemoglobin

A

red blood cells contain haemoglobin which combines with oxygen. this then splits up when it reaches the bodies tissues to give blood supply to them

37
Q

how are red blood cells adapted

A
  • don’t have a nucleus leaving more space for haemoglobin and oxygen
  • the shape gives a large surface area to absorb oxygen
38
Q

what do white blood cells do and how

A
  • defending against infection
    1. these engulf pathogens
    2. produce antibodies
    3. produce antitoxins

these have nucleus

39
Q

what are platelets

A

fragments of cells. they have no nucleus
- these float round in the blood and act as glue when a wound occurs. this process is called clotting
- this stops blood from spilling out when we get cuts
- also stops microorganisms getting in and causing infections

40
Q

what do plasmas do

A

plasma is a liquid which mixes with blood making it watery, so it can flow
- it carries red and white blood cells, platelets, nutrients (glucose and amino acids), waste products, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins

41
Q

what is artificial blood and what does it do

A

‘fake blood’ that adds volume to the circularity system when one has extreme blood loss. this blood doesn’t replace red blood cells only amount of blood

42
Q

what is a blood transfusion

A

blood that is donated. and because of this contains red blood cells meaning oxygen is still able to reach tissues.

43
Q

what is coronary heart disease and why does it occur

A
  • where coronary arteries begin to get blocked
  • occurs because of the build up of fatty material in the lumen (meaning the lumen becomes more narrow). This means less blood can pass through meaning less oxygen reaches the heart. this strains the heart causing a possible heart attack.
44
Q

how can coronary heart diseases be prevented

A

stents and statins

45
Q

what are stents and what are the positives and negatives

A

tube which is surgically implanted inside arteries which expand to open up lumen

positives - surgery is quick and lasts a long time

negatives - surgery has risk such as heart attacks because of possible blood loss. infection levels are high

46
Q

what are statins and what are the negatives and side effects

A

medication which alters the balance of cholesterol. statins decrease the amount of bad cholesterol (which cause fatty build up) in blood and increase the amount of good cholesterol (help clear fatty build up) in blood.

negatives - take regularly
side effects - headaches/ kidney failure

47
Q

what other problems could be caused by the heart

A

faulty valve, heart failure

48
Q

how can valves get weakened

A

naturally/ overtime/ old age
heart attacks/ infections

49
Q

what are the main problems that faulty valves create

A
  • not enough blood can pass through if a valve is stiff. the valve cannot open fully
  • if valve doesn’t close properly and blood runs through backwards
50
Q

what are solutions to a faulty valve and risks of both

A

replace valve either with a
- biological valve —- from another human/ cow or pig
- mechanical valve —– manmade

both require surgery and therefore will be a risk of blood clots

51
Q

what is a heart failure caused by and how can it be treated

A

can’t pump blood and therefore can’t get blood around the body.

to be treated, some medication can but in most cases a new heart will be needed

52
Q

what are the two types of hearts that can be given to someone if they have heart failure

A

biological - from another human
mechanical - manmade from metals and plastics

53
Q

what are the positives and negatives of both types of hearts

A

biological - long lasting, time consuming to find a new heart, could be rejected by immune system

mechanical - temporary, immune system wont reject it

54
Q

define health

A

a state of physical, mental and social wellbeing

55
Q

what are some causes of ill health

A

disease, diet, stress, life situations

56
Q

what is a noncommunicable disease

A

not passed from person to person e.g. heart disease

57
Q

how does diet effect someone’s health

A
  • eating too much/ too little food
  • not enough nutrients
  • not having a good balanced diet
    having a bad diet will have an bug effect on mental and physical health
  • obesity/ type 2 diabetes
58
Q

how does stress effect someone’s health

A

strain on body causes heart disease/ mental illness

59
Q

how does someone’s life situation effect health

A

where you live, finance situation, access to medical care

60
Q

what is the effect of diet on non communicable diseases

A
  • bad cholesterol results in arteries becoming blocked
  • smoking damages wall of arteries
  • development of type two diabetes , obesity effects the bodies metabolism
61
Q

what is the effect of smoking and alcohol on a person

A

smoking - damages cells in the lungs possibly causing lung cancer
alcohol - liver failure, effect nerve cells in the brain

62
Q

what is a tumour

A

abnormal mass of cells because of uncontrolled growth and division

63
Q

what are benign tumours

A

non cancerous tumours
- normal group of cells contained in one area because of this they normally aren’t dangerous

64
Q

what are malignant tumours

A

cancerous tumours and potentially fatal
- don’t stay in one place. they can invade other tissues and spread and form secondary tumours in other parts of the body

65
Q

what are some risk factors that can increase the risk of developing cancer and what kind of cancer do these effect

A

smoking - lung, mouth, stomach cancer
obesity - bowel and liver cancer
alcohol - liver cancer
ultraviolet light - skin cancer - radiation damage cells
genes - breast and ovary

66
Q

what are the different plant tissues

A

epidermis cells (upper and lower)
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
stoma
xylem and phloem
guard cells

67
Q

what do epidermis cells do

A

form tissue on the top and bottom of the leaf to protect the surface of the leaf

68
Q

how are upper epidermis cells different

A

thin and therefore lets light through for photosynthesis. also covered in waxy cuticle to reduce evaporation of water

69
Q

how are lower epidermis cells different and therefore help do their job

A

have stomata to let carbon dioxide in and oxygen out

70
Q

how are palisade mesophyll different and therefore help do their job

A

full of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

71
Q

how are spongy mesophyll different and therefore help do their job

A

full of air spaces for carbon dioxide to diffuse through stomata, spongy mesophyll and palisade cells. oxygen also does the same thing in reverse

72
Q

what do xylem and phloem cells do

A

transport water from roots to stem and leaves

transports disolved sugars to the rest of the plant

73
Q

what is translocation

A

the movement of sugars and molecules through phloem tissues

74
Q

what is transpiration

A

the evaporation of water vapour from the surface of a plant

75
Q

what things effect transpiration and how

A

temperature - increases transpiration (higher rate of evaporation)
humidity - decreases transpiration
( reduce the water vapour)
wind speed - increases transpiration
(lower water vapour concentration OUTSIDE leaf
light intensity - increases
(photosynthesis increases, more stomata open)

76
Q

what do guard cells do

A

control the opening and closing of the stomata

77
Q

what are the two organ systems in a plant

A

the shoot and the roots

78
Q

what is the shoot organ system made from

A

The shoot organ system in a plant is made from leaves, stems, buds, fruits and flower

79
Q

what is the root organ system made from

A

The root organ system of most plants are all the parts that are underground

80
Q
A

biology one (10 decks)

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