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biology one > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that can cause communicable diseases that effects plants and animals

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2
Q

how do pathogens spread and what type of diseases correlate with this

A

air - tiny droplets through air causing things like covid/ flu
contaminating food + water - causing things like salmonella and cholera
direct contact - walking barefoot on public surfaces such as athletes foot

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2
Q

what is a vector

A

organisms which carry pathogens

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2
Q

what are the four types of microorganisms

A

bacteria, virus, protist, fungi

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3
Q

how can diseases be prevented

A
  • being hygienic such as washing hands or cleaning chopping boards
  • kill the vectors
  • vaccinations
  • isolate/ quarantine the person who has the dieses
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4
Q

what are virus diseases

A
  • very small
  • can’t reproduce by themself yet when they enter another organisms cell they use it to replicate themselves. The cell eventually bursts and the virus spreads to other cells to go an invade.
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5
Q

what are the three types of viral diseases

A
  • measles
  • HIV
  • tobacco mosaic virus
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6
Q

how are measles spread, what are the symptoms, how can it be treated

A
  • spread by air, when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
  • red rash over body, fever symptoms.
  • can be fatal yet most people are vaccinated
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7
Q

how is HIV spread, what are the symptoms, how can it be treated

A
  • sexual contract or exchange of bodily fluids
  • fever, tiredness which the person then gets over and feel better. the virus still spreads inside body and leads to unusual infections or cancer (aids).
  • this used to be untreatable yet now a new drug ( antiretroviral) has been developed
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8
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus, what does it effect, what are the symptoms, what does it do, how can it be treated

A
  • effects tomato plants and tobacco plants
  • discolours patches on leaves which effects photosynthesis meaning the plant cannot produce sugars for growth .
  • cannot be treated but removing infected plants so it cannot spread is a good alternative
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9
Q

what are bacterial diseases

A

single celled organisms that reproduce by themselves

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10
Q

what are the bacterial diseases

A

salmonella, gonorrhoea

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11
Q

what is salmonella, what are the symptoms, treated?

A
  • a type of food poisoning
  • stomach cramps, fever, …, diarrhoea
  • passes by itself after a week, stay hydrated
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12
Q

what is gonorrhoea, what are the symptoms, treatments, preventions

A
  • sexually transmitted disease - sexual contact
  • pain when urinating, thick yellow/green discharge
  • preventions - avoid unsafe sex use preventions
  • treatment - used to use penicillin but it is becoming more resistant so having to use more expensive rarer antibiotics
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13
Q

what is fungal disease, what are the symptoms, effect, treatments, how is it spread

A
  • rose black spot
  • causes black spots, turn the leaves yellow and they will drop off.
  • reduces photosynthesis and stops growth
  • spread by water and wind
  • chopping of infected leaves or spraying with fungicide
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14
Q

what is the protist disease, what are the symptoms, effect, treatments, how is it spread

A
  • malaria
  • transported by vector (mosquito) when mosquito sucks blood from one animal that is already infected, it takes blood and the parasite from the animal taking it to the other host infecting them
  • headaches, fevers
  • vaccinations, stop vectors first, mosquito repellent
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15
Q

what is a defence system and what are the two types

A

works to prevent pathogens from entering the body
- physical and chemical
- immune system

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16
Q

what are the different type of physical and chemical barriers and how do they help

A

skin - kills pathogens before they even enter the body
nose - lots of hair and mucus meaning it traps most pathogens
trachea - mucus meaning it traps pathogens
cilia - move pathogen filled mucus into the stomach - full of high acid hydrochloric acid which helps kills the pathogens

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17
Q

what is an immune system defence

A

when the pathogens get passed the physical and chemical defences, body’s immune system needs to step in

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18
Q

how do white blood cells help get rid of pathogens

A

phagocytosis - the process of engulfing pathogens to kill them
antitoxins - they neutralise the toxins released by the pathogens by binding to them
antibodies - act as a signal for white blood cells to destroy antigens

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19
Q

what are antibodies

A

each antigen has an antigen on their surface which has a complementary antibody it binds to. once antibodies bind to the pathogen it makes it easier for white blood cells to find them

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20
Q

how do antibodies help if you get the same disease again

A

the specific complementary antibody will be able to produce antibodies faster. the individual then won’t feel the symptoms of the disease and therefore become immune to the disease

21
Q

what do vaccinations do

A

allow you to become immune to a pathogen without actually catching the disease

22
Q

how do vaccinations work

A
  1. a vaccine contains weakened or deactivated pathogens. these won’t cause diseases
  2. because they are still the same antigens, our body still produces antibodies and therefore create immunity
23
Q

what pathogens do vaccines work on

A

bacteria and viruses

24
Q

what are the pros and cons of vaccines

A

pros
- protect us from catching diseases
- control of common diseases
- prevent outbrake

cons
- don’t always work
- might not create full immunity to pathogens
- can have bad reactions against vaccines such as swelling, fevers, seizures

25
Q

what do painkillers do

A

relieve the symptoms, pathogens will still be there, doesn’t kill them

26
Q

what do antibiotics do

A

treat the disease (only kill bacteria), directly kill the bacteria or make it stop growing

27
Q

why can’t antibiotics kill viruses

A
  • antibiotics are made specifically for bacteria. viruses are so different so antibiotics can’t help
  • antibiotics wouldn’t be able to find the virus without destroying our own cells
28
Q

what are the problems about antibiotics

A
  • loads of different antibiotics for different bacteria meaning doctors have to investigate what drug needs to be provided
  • antibiotic resistence
29
Q

where were drugs originally discovered from

A

plants and microorganisms

30
Q

what do drugs need to be tested for

A

toxicity, efficiency, dose levels

31
Q

how are drugs tested

A

preclinical testing and clinical trials

32
Q

what is preclinical testing

A

using cells, tissue, live animals

33
Q

what are clinical trials and why do we use them

A

using volunteers and patients to test how well drugs work

34
Q

how did researchers test how well drugs work

A

using placebo method.
two groups, one given the actual drug and the over given the placebo. this tested how well the drug actually works

35
Q

what is single-blind

A

only the doctors knows weather the patient is receiving the drug

36
Q

what is double bind

A

neither the patient or doctor knows weather they are receiving drugs or not

37
Q

how are drugs developed from plants

A

aspirin - developed from willow trees
digitalis - developed from foxgloves - used to treat heart problems

38
Q

how are drugs developed from microorganisms

A

developed by Alexander Fleming. found when he was growing bacteria on plate. He found mould was producing a substance called penicillin which kills bacteria

39
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies from a single clone of cell

40
Q

where are they made

A

in a laboratory

41
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies made

A
  • need a lot of lymphocyte cells (white blood cells)
  • these don’t divide very quickly so we combine with fast dividing tumour cells to for a hybridoma
  • these cells are then put into a periti dish where they then divide quickly.
  • we then collect these identical antibodies to purify them
42
Q

how do we get the original lymphocytes

A

infect an animal ( such as a mouse) with the antigen we want the antibodies to bind to. this way we can easily isolate the lymphocytes and combine them with the tumour cells

43
Q

how do monoclonal antibodies help destroy cells such as cancer cells

A

we can attach things ( such as drugs and radioactive materials) to the bottom of antibodies. these can then be used to deliver such things to cancer cells, when injected to a person. these then find these cells and destroy them

44
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

pros - healthy cells aren’t effected, develop many antibodies against many diseases

cons - expensive, difficult to attach things to thee bottom of antibodies

45
Q

what are the common signs of a plant disease

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • areas of decay
  • abnormal growth
  • discolouration
  • pests on leaves
46
Q

how can you identify the disease of plants

A

using a gardening website
identifying the pathogen by observing the infected plant in a lab
use monoclonal antibodies to identify the pathogen
trial and error - trying different things to resolve the problem of plant such as spaying with minerals to help deficiencies

47
Q

what are the plant diseases

A

rose black spot (fungal disease), tobacco mosaic disease (viral disease), deficiency (missing out on essential minerals)

48
Q

how are plant defences split

A

physical, mechanical and chemical

49
Q

what are physical defences

A

physically preventing the entry of pathogens:
- waxy cuticle
- cellulose cell walls
- layers of dead cells (such as bark)

50
Q

what are chemical defences

A

actually chemicals that the plant can produce
- anti microbial ( killing bacteria or fungi)
- poisons that kill insects

51
Q

what are mechanical defences

A

similar to physical yet have more of function
- thorns
- hairs
to stop insects touching them

  • leaves that curl or droop if insects land on them
52
Q
A

biology one (10 decks)

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