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biology one > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

draw a plant cell

A

things to include
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- mitochondria
- cell wall
- vacuole
- ribosomes
- chloroplasts

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2
Q

draw an animal cell

A

things to include
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- mitochondria

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3
Q

what cells are eukaryotic

A

animal and plant

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4
Q

what cells are prokaryotic

A

bacteria cells

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5
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic - bigger, has a nucleus, cell division by mitosis or meiosis, asexual and sexual reproduction

prokaryotic - smaller, no nucleus, cell division by binary fission, asexual reproduction

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6
Q

what is the function of the nucleus in plant and animal cells

A
  • contains the DNA and controls the rest pf the cell
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7
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells

A
  • liquid substance where chemical reactions occur
  • contains enzymes
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8
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane in plant and animal cells

A
  • control what goes in and out of the cell
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9
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria in plant and animal cells

A

where aerobic respiration occurs, providing energy for cells

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10
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes in plant and animal cells

A

where protein synthesis occurs

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11
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells

A
  • where photosynthesis occurs, providing food for plants.
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12
Q

what is the function of the vacuole in plant cell

A
  • maintain water balance
  • where waste is stored
  • where cell sap is stored
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13
Q

what is the function of the cell wall in plant cells

A
  • provides strength for the cell
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14
Q

where is DNA stored in bacteria cells

A

floats in the cytoplasm as there is no nucleus

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15
Q

how do cells specialise

A

undergoing differentiation (a process that involves the cell gaining new sub-cellular structures in order for it to be suited for its role

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16
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell

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17
Q

what are types of stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells
meristems

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18
Q

explain embryonic stem cells

A
  • they form when an egg and sperm cell fuse (zygote - fertilised egg)
  • they can differentiate into any cell in the body
  • scientists can clone these cells and direct them to differentiate into almost any cell in the body for example nerve cells for people paralyzed with spinal cord injuries
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19
Q

explain adult stem cells

A

if they are found in bone marrow, they can form many types of cells such as blood cells

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20
Q

explain meristem cells

A
  • found in roots and shoot tips
  • can differentiate into any type of plant
  • can make clones of plants to help save plants from extinction
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21
Q

what is therapeutic cloning

A

produce stem cells with the same genetic make-up as the patient. for example to use a person’s DNA to clone one of their organs for use in transplanting

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22
Q

what are the benefits and problems with the research of stem cells

A

benefits:
- can be used to replace diseased or damaged body parts
- unwanted embryos are being used instead of just being discarded
- research into the process of differentiation

problems:
- religious beliefs that see it as an interference of the natural process of reproduction
- if the growing stem cells are contaminated with virus, infection can be transferred
- money and time be spent in another area of medication
- removal of stem cells result in the destruction of the embryo

23
Q

how often do plant cells and animal cells differentiate

A

plants cells - retain the ability, only differentiate when cells reach their final position in cell

animal cells - most cells only differentiate once at an early age

24
Q

what are some examples of specialised cells in animal cells

A
  • sperm cells
  • nerve cells
  • muscle cells
25
Q

explain why and how sperm cells are specialised

A

specialised to carry males DNA to the egg cell for reproduction

  • streamlined head and tail for swimming quickly
  • many mitochondria to supply energy to move
  • the top of the head has digestive enzymes that breakdown the outer layer of membrane from the egg cell
26
Q

explain why and how nerve cells are specialised

A

transmit electrical signals quickly from one place to another in the body

  • long axon enabling impulses to be carried long distances
  • having extensions to its body which means branched connections can be formed with other cells
  • never ending have mitochondria which supplies energy to make neurotransmitters allowing impulses to be passed on
27
Q

explain why and how muscles cells are specialised

A

to quickly contract to move bones or muscle

  • special proteins that slide over each other causing muscle to contract
  • lots of mitochondria to produce energy for muscles to contract
28
Q

what are some examples of specialised cells in plant cells

A
  • root hair cells
  • phloem cells
  • xylem cells
29
Q

explain why and how root hair cells are specialised

A

to take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport from the soil as they are found in the roots

  • have a large surface area allowing more water can move in
  • vacuole affects the speed of movement water from the soil to cell
  • mitochondria provide energy for the active transport
30
Q

explain why and how phloem cells are specialised

A

to carry the products photosynthesis to parts of the plant

  • cell wall of each cell form structure which are then broken down to allow movement of substances from cell to cell
31
Q

explain why and how xylem cells are specialised

A

transport water and minerals up the plant from roots to shoots

  • during formation the cells die hollowing out the middle allowing water to continuously flow through
  • spirals help the cell withstand the pressure of the water
32
Q

what is the difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes

A

light
- smaller and lighter
- cheaper
- use light beams
- less magnification
- less resolution
- coloured images

electron
- bigger and heavier
- more expensive
- used beams of electrons
- higher magnification
- higher resolution
- not coloured

33
Q

what are chromosomes

A

the form in which your nucleus contains your coiled DNA

34
Q

what is a gene

A

short section of DNA that codes for a protein and as a result controls a characteristic. therefore each chromosome carries many genes

35
Q

how many chromosomes are in each cell

A

23 pairs or 46 overall

36
Q

what cell is an exception to having only 23 pairs

A

gametes (sex cells) contain half therefore only 23 overall

37
Q

what is the cell cycle and mitosis

A

a series of steps a cell has to go through in order to divide. mitosis is a step in this cycle and is the one in which the cell actually divides

38
Q

explain stage one of the cell cycle

A

the cells grows, organelles grow and increase. protein synthesis occurs, DNA is replicated

39
Q

explain stage two of the cell cycle

A

the chromosomes line up at the equator and are pulled by spindle fibres to each pole of the cell

40
Q

explain stage three of the cell cycle

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane then divide resulting in two daughter cells

41
Q

why is mitosis important

A
  • helps their growth and development and repairing cells
  • part of asexual reproduction as this only contains one organism so to produce offspring it just has to replicate its cells
42
Q

what is diffusion

A

random movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

43
Q

example of where diffusion takes place in the body

A

-oxygen moves through the membrane of the alveoli (in the lungs) and is carried in the red blood cells
- in the small intestine digested food is absorbed over the membrane of cells into the bloodstream

44
Q

example of where diffusion takes place in plants

A
  • the roots in plants are adapted to take in water and minerals. root hair cells increase surface area
  • in the leaves of plants many different tissues to aid with gas exchange. for example, carbon dioxide through stoma for photosynthesis
45
Q

what factors effect the rate of diffusion

A

temperature - the greater the temperature the greater the movement of particles resulting in more collisions meaning there is a higher rate of diffusion

surface area of the membrane - the greater the surface area, the more space for particles to move through resulting in a faster rate of diffusion

difference in concentration - the greater the difference in concentration the faster the rate of diffusion

46
Q

what is surface area to volume ratio

A

the size of the surface area of the organism compared to its volume

47
Q

how do single cell organisms use diffusion

A

to transport molecules into their bodies from the air - they have large surface area to volume ratio

48
Q

how do multicellular organisms use diffusion

A

their surface area to volume ratio is so small so they cannot rely on diffusion alone.

49
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

50
Q

explain osmosis in animals

A
  • if the external solution is more dilute, it will move into animal cells causing them to burst
  • if the external solution is more concentrated and excess water will leave the cells causing them to become shrivelled
51
Q

explain osmosis in plants

A

-if external solution is more dilute, it will move into the cell and into the vacuole causing it to increase in pressure
- if eternal solution is more concentrated, it will move out the cell and it will become soft and eventually die

52
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of substances against their concentration gradient it is assisted by enzymes and requires energy

53
Q

explain active transport in root hair cells

A
  • taking up water and minerals from the soil
54
Q

explain active transport in the gut

A
  • substances such as glucose and amino acids from food have to move from your gut into bloodstream. sometimes, there will be a lower concentration of sugar molecules in the gut than the blood therefore diffusion cannot take place. active transport is required to more sugar to the blood against its concentration gradient

biology one (10 decks)

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