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Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic unit of all forms of life.

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function working together.

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3
Q

What are organs?

A

Made up of tissues working together to perform a common function.

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4
Q

What is the organ system?

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.

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6
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The process of breaking down large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.

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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction and remains unchanged after the reaction.

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8
Q

What is an active site?

A

The part of an enzyme where the reaction occurs. It has a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in a reaction.

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9
Q

What is a substrate molecule?

A

The molecule the enzyme acts on.

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10
Q

What is a product molecule?

A

The molecule the enzyme produces.

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11
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up and can be reused.

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12
Q

What is meant by the term denature?

A

The enzyme is no longer fit for its substrate.

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13
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical reaction in the body’s cells that change food into energy.

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14
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature and pH.

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15
Q

What is buffer solution?

A

Helps to maintain the pH of a solution.

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16
Q

What 2 things can enzymes do?

A

They can speed up reactions and build or break down substrates.

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17
Q

What are enzymes made up of?

A

Protein.

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18
Q

What is meant by pH?

A

How acidic or alkali the thing is.

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19
Q

What is the industrial use of carbonhydrase?

A

Changes starch into sugars.

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20
Q

What is the industrial use of isomerase?

A

Changes glucose syrup into fructose syrup.

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21
Q

What is the industrial use of protease?

A

Pre-digests proteins in some baby foods.

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22
Q

How does hydrochloric acid help with digestion?

A

It creates optimum conditions for enzymes.

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23
Q

Explain how optimum conditions affect an enzyme?

A

›increasing the temperature gives particles more kinetic energy increasing speed.
›at high temperatures, enzymes denature if it’s over their optimum temperature.
› catalase works best at 40ºC.
› if an enzyme denatures, it loses it function as it doesn’t fit its active site as it has changed.

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24
Q

What is optimum temperature?

A

Where an enzyme is most active.

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25
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

In the pancreas, stomach and small intestine.

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26
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

In the salivary gland, small intestine and pancreas.

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27
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

In the pancreas and the small intestine.

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28
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

The convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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29
Q

Describe arteries.

A 
› oxygenated.
› high pressure.
› no valves.
› carries blood away from the heart to the body.
› thick wall (3 layers).
› thin tough outer layer.
› thick muscular middle layer.
› thin inner layer of cells.
› small hymen.
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30
Q

Describe veins.

A 
› deoxygenated.
› low pressure.
› has valves.
› carries blood to the heart and away from the body.
› thinner more flexible walls (3 layers).
› thick tough outer layer.
› muscular middle layer.
› thin inner layer of cells.
› large hymen.
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31
Q

Describe capillaries.

A

› deoxygenated and oxygenated.
› low pressure.
› no valve.
› give substances directly to the cells and tissues of the body and connect arteries and veins.
› one cell wide walls which allows transport of oxygen and nutrient into body cells and wastes out of cells.
› small lumen (very narrow).

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32
Q

What happens in the right side of the heart?

A

Low oxygenated blood is pumped into the lungs.

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33
Q

What happens in the left side of the heart?

A

Blood is pumped which is high in oxygen around the body.

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34
Q

What do we call substances like amylase and protease which speed up chemical reactions?

A

Catalysts.

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35
Q

What do enzymes act on?

A

A substrate molecule.

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36
Q

What is the optimum pH for amylase?

A

Alkali.

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37
Q

What is the optimum pH for pepsin?

A

Acidic.

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38
Q

What is the substrate molecule for amylase and what does it break down into?

A

Carbohydrates and it breaks down into glucose.

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39
Q

What is the substrate molecule for protease and what does it break down into?

A

Protein and it breaks down into amino acids.

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40
Q

What is the substrate molecule for lipase and what does it break down into?

A

Lipids/fats and it breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids.

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41
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

In the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

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42
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries.

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43
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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44
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

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45
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Very small blood vessels where exchange of substances take place.

46
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

47
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart.

48
Q

What is the heart made up of?

A

Four chambers, the top chambers are called the atria (atrium is one) and the bottom two which are the ventricles.

49
Q

What happens in the right side of the heart?

A

Blood is pumped which is low in oxygen into the lungs.

50
Q

What happens in the left side of the heart?

A

Blood is pumped which is high in oxygen around the body.

51
Q

What does systemic circulation do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood and nutrients around body and returns the waste products that have to be removed from our body.

52
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It also carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

53
Q

Explain what happens within a beating heart.

A
  1. Blood enters the left and right atrium. vena cava for the right atrium and pulmonary vein for the left atrium.
  2. The atrium contracts at the same time and pushes blood into the ventricles causing the valves to push open.
  3. The ventricles fill with blood and the valves close.
  4. The ventricles contract at the same time and push the blood out of the heart. Right ventricle out of the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle out of aorta.
54
Q

Use an unlabelled image of the digestive system and name the different parts.

A

CHECK ANSWERS AT THE END.

55
Q

Use an unlabelled image of the heart and name the different parts.

A

CHECK ANSWERS AT THE END.

56
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used for respiration.

57
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

It neutralises acid that was added to the food in the stomach providing alkaline pH for amylase and lipase. It also emulsifies fat.

58
Q

Use an unlabelled image of the lungs and name the different parts.

A

CHECK ANSWERS AT THE END.

59
Q

Explain the process of breathing.

A
  1. Breathe in.
  2. Air flows into lungs.
  3. Volume in chest increases.
  4. Ribcage moves up and out, diaphragm flattens.
  5. Pressure inside chest decreases.
  6. Rib and diaphragm muscles contract.
  7. Breathe out.
  8. Air is pushed out of lungs.
  9. Volume in chest decreases.
  10. Ribcage drops down and in, diaphragm moves up.
  11. Pressure inside chest increases.
  12. Rib and diaphragm muscles relax.
60
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.

61
Q

What is a natural pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium wall that controls your resting heart rate. These cells produce small electric impulse which spreads to surrounding muscle cells causing them to contract.

62
Q

What is a artificial pacemaker?

A

It’s a little device that’s implanted under the skin and has a wire going to the heart producing electric current to keep the heart beating regularly. This is used if the natural pacemaker cells don’t work properly.

63
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up causing the arteries to become narrow so blood is restricted leading to a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle which can results in heart attack.

64
Q

What is meant by the term health?

A

A state of physical and mental wellbeing.

65
Q

What can defects in the immune system do?

A

Make it so an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.

66
Q

What can immune reaction caused by pathogens do?

A

It can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.

67
Q

How do severe physical illnesses lead to mental illnesses?

A

Mental health issues such as depression can be triggered when someone is suffering from severe physical health problems partially if they have an impact on the person’s ability to carry out everyday activities or their life expectancy.

68
Q

How does lifestyle effect the risk of getting a non-communicable disease?

A

› alcohol - liver disease as the liver breaks down due to the alcohol damaging its cells.
›smoking - cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer as it damages the walls of arteries and cells in the lining of the lungs.
› obesity - type 2 diabetes as body will becoming less sensitive/resistant to insulin therefore it struggles to control the concentration of glucose in the blood.

69
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

This is a tumour that grows until there’s no more room. It stays in one place (usually within a membrane) rather than invading other tissues in the body. This type isn’t normally dangerous and isn’t cancerous.

70
Q

What is the function of the epidermal tissue?

A

The tissue that covers the whole plant covered with a waxy cuticle in the leaf to reduce water loss.

71
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

This is the part of the leaf where most photosynthesis happens.

72
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

This is in the leaf and it contains big air spaces to allow diffusion of gases.

73
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

To carry sugars and other nutrients around the plant.

74
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

To carry water from the roots of the plant to the leaves.

75
Q

What is the function of the meristem tissue?

A

This is found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell allowing the plant to grow.

76
Q

Use an unlabelled image of the inside of a leaf and name the different parts.

A

CHECK ANSWERS AT THE END.

77
Q

How have root hair cells adapted for the efficient uptake of water and mineral ions?

A

› each branch of a root will be covered in millions of microscopic hairs.
› this gives the plant a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil which is needed for healthy growth.
› concentration of minerals is usually higher in root hair cells than in the soil around them so the root hair cells ant use diffusion to take up minerals from the soil.

78
Q

What are the factors that effect the rate of transpiration?

A

› light intensity - the brighter the light, the greater the transpiration rate.
› temperature - the warmer it is the faster transpiration happens.
› air flow - the better the air flow around a leaf, the grater the transpiration rate.
› humidity - the drier the air around a leaf, the faster transpiration happens.

79
Q

What is the role of the stomata?

A

To let carbon dioxide diffuse through. It is underneath the leaf called the exchange rate.

80
Q

What is the role of the guard cells?

A

Opens and closes the stomata to exchange gases for photosynthesis and are kidney shaped.

81
Q

What is the role of a phloem tissue and the name of the process?

A

› transport food substances (mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage.
› the transport goes in both directions and the process is called translocation.

82
Q

What is the role of a xylem tissue and the name of the process?

A

They carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves. The movement of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves is called the transpiration stream.

83
Q

Describe what amylase is.

A

A carbohydrate that breaks down starch into maltose and other sugars produced in the salivary glands, small intestine and pancreas.

84
Q

Describe what protease is.

A

Breaks down protein into amino acids produced stomach, small intestine and pancreas.

85
Q

Describe what lipase is.

A

Breaks lipid into glycerol and fatty acids produced in the small intestine and pancreas.

86
Q

What are the two ways bile speeds up digestion?

A

> it makes conditions alkaline so enzymes in the small intestine work better.
it emulsifies fat so there’s a larger surface area for lipase to work on.

87
Q

Formula to calculate the rate of blood flow.

A

volume of blood / time taken

88
Q

What are the three things that affect health?

A

> diet.
stress.
life situations like access to healthcare.

89
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can spread from person to person or between animals and people.

90
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that can’t spread between people or between animals and people.

91
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases?

A

Diseases of the heart or blood vessels such as coronary heart disease.

92
Q

What is the difference between a healthy normal coronary artery and a coronary artery of someone with coronary heart disease?

A

> there’s fatty deposit.

> blood flow is restricted so there’s a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle which can cause heart attack.

93
Q

What are the five treatments for cardiovascular disease?

A 
> statins.
> stent.
   ↳ tube put in coronary artery.
> heart transplant.
   ↳ heart from a donor.
> artificial heart.
> replacement heart valves.
   ↳ biological or mechanical.
94
Q

What is the advantage of statins?

A

Reduces the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood slowing down the formation of fatty deposits.

95
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A

> need to be taken long-term.

> can have negative side effects.

96
Q

What are the advantages of stents?

A

> keeps the coronary arteries open for a long time.

> recovery time from surgery is pretty quick.

97
Q

What is a disadvantage of stents?

A

Surgery can cause bleeding and infection.

98
Q

What are the advantages of heart transplant?

A

> can treat heart failure.

> donor hearts work better than artificial ones.

99
Q

What are the disadvantages of heart transplant?

A

> surgery can cause bleeding and infection.

> donor hearts can be rejected by immune system.

100
Q

What is an advantage of artificial hearts?

A

Can be used while waiting for a heart donor or while the heart is healing.

101
Q

What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A

> surgery can cause bleeding and infection.
artificial devices can lead to thrombosis.
↳ blood clots in the blood vessels.

102
Q

What is an advantage of replacement heart valves?

A

Can treat severe valve damage such as stiff valves that don’t open properly or leak.

103
Q

What are the disadvantages of replacement heart valves?

A

> surgery can cause bleeding and infection.
donor valves can be rejected by the immune system.
artificial devices can lead to thrombosis.
↳ blood clots in blood vessels.
faulty heart valves stop blood circulating effectively.

104
Q

What are the four ways that diseases may interact?

[initial problem ⟶ issue that can be made more likely]

A

① disorder affecting immune system ⟶ communicable diseases.
② infection by certain viruses ⟶ certain cancers.
③ pathogen infection that causes an immune system reaction ⟶ allergic reactions such as rashes or asthma.
④ severe physical health problems ⟶ mental health issues such as depression.

105
Q

What is translocation?

A

The process in which food is moved through phloem tubes.

106
Q

What is meant by the term transpiration in plants?

A

The loss of water from a plant.

↳ the water evaporates and diffuses out of the plant causing more water to be drawn into the plant from the roots.

107
Q

What four factors affect the transpiration rate?

A

> temperature.
↳ when warm, water molecules have more energy.
light intensity.
↳ when high, the stomata opens.
air flow.
↳ when good, fewer water particles surround the leaves so there’s a higher water concentration inside the leaf than outside it.
humidity.
↳ when low, fewer water particles surround the leaves so there’s a higher water concentration inside the leaf than outside it.

107
Q

What three factors affect the transpiration rate?

A

> temperature.
↳ when warm, water molecules have more energy.
light intensity.
↳ when high, the stomata opens.
air flow.
↳ when good, fewer water particles surround the leaves so there’s a higher water concentration inside the leaf than outside it.

108
Q

When the plant has lots of water, the guard cells…

A

…produce turgid guard cells as the stoma opens letting water vapour escape as gases diffuse in a dn out such as CO₂ for photosynthesis.

109
Q

When the plant is short of water or it’s dark, guard cells…

A

…produce flaccid guard cells as the stoma closes.

biology. (11 decks)

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