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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cells differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

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2
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine test.

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3
Q

What is the test for glucose?

A

Benedict test.

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4
Q

What is the test for protein?

A

Biuret test.

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5
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

In the salivary gland and pancreas.

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6
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

In the pancreas, stomach and small intestine.

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7
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

In the pancreas and the small intestine.

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8
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

In the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

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9
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Provides alkaline pH for amylase and lipase in the stomach neutralising acid that was added to food. It also emulsifies fat.

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10
Q

What are the 4 components that blood is made up of?

A

The plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

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11
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

To carry carbon dioxide, urea, nutrients and hormones.

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12
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

They contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen around the body.

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13
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

They destroy the pathogens that cause disease.

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14
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

They are a small fragments of cells who are responsible for clotting of blood.

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15
Q

What the respiratory system responsible for?

A

Getting oxygen into the red blood cells and carbon dioxide out of the blood plasma to be breathed out.

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16
Q

What structures make up the respiratory system?

A

The mouth, nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and the alveoli.

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17
Q

How is the alveoli adapted to exchange gases efficiently?

A

[in lungs]

> very thin walls.
large surface area.
large blood supply.

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18
Q

What are plants’ transport system made up of?

A

The phloem and xylem.

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19
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

To carry sugars and other nutrients around the plant.

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20
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

To carry water from the roots of the plant to the leaves.

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21
Q

What do root hair cells have to help them absorb lots of water?

A

Thin walls and a large surface area.

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22
Q

What happens to mineral ions in plants?

A

Through active transport, mineral ions are taken in and water moves into the root hair cell.
Then through osmosis, down the concentration gradient.

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23
Q

Define Transpiration.

A

The loss of water from the leaves of a plant by evaporation.

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24
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water from the roots through the xylem into the leaves and through the stomata where the water is evaporated.

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25
Q

What is translocation?

A

The process of transporting sucrose and other materials in plants.

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26
Q

Give an example of cells in plants and animals.

A

PLANTS › palisade cells.

ANIMALS › glandular cells.

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27
Q

Give an example of tissues in plants and animals.

A

PLANTS › leaf epithelium.

ANIMALS › stomach lining.

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28
Q

Give an example of organs in plants and animals.

A

PLANTS › leaves.

ANIMALS › stomach.

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29
Q

Give an example of an organ system in plants and animals.

A

PLANTS › photosynthetic system.
ANIMALS › digestive system.

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30
Q

Give an example of an organism in plants and animals.

A

PLANTS › daffodil.

ANIMALS › human.

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31
Q

What are the 3 main types of tissues in humans?

A

Muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue.

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32
Q

What is the muscular tissue?

A

A very specialised tissue that has both the ability to conduct electrical impulses. Muscles are functionally classified as either voluntary and involuntary.

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33
Q

What is the glandular tissue?

A

Delivers hormones in the body and rich in capillaries. Each cell must contact a capillary directly in order to deliver its hormone to the rest of the body.

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34
Q

What is the epithelial tissue?

A

Covers the surface of the body and is made of cells closely packed in one or more layers.

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35
Q

Identify the different parts of a cell of an animal.

A 
› nucleus.
› mitochondria.
› cytoplasm.
› cell membrane.
› ribosomes.
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36
Q

Identify the different parts of a cell of a plant.

A 
› nucleus.
› mitochondria.
› cytoplasm.
› cell membrane.
› ribosomes.
› cell wall.
› permanent vacuole.
› chloroplasts.
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37
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal and plant cells.

38
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria cells.

39
Q

What is the formula to find magnification?

A

Size of image/size of real object.

40
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.

41
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place to transfer energy that the cell needs to work.

42
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen.

43
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Holds the cell together and control what goes in and out.

44
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Where proteins are made.

45
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose and supports the cell and strengthens it.

46
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for plant. It includes chlorophyll which absorbs light.

47
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap.

48
Q

What does bacteria not have?

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria.

49
Q

What is the difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?

A

LIGHT MICROSCOPES › use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify which lets us see individual cells and large sub cellular structures like nuclei.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPES › use electrons instead of light to form an image. They have a much higher magnification than light microscopes letting us see smaller things in more detail. Were invented later than light microscopes.

50
Q

What are sperm cells specialised for?

A

Reproduction.

51
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

A

To get the male DNA to the female DNA.

52
Q

What parts are in sperm cells and what are their function?

A

› long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg.
› lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed.
› carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane.

53
Q

What are the phloem and xylem cells specialised for?

A

Transporting substances.

54
Q

What is the function of phloem and xylem cells?

A

To form tubes which transport substances such as food and water around plants.

55
Q

What parts are in phloem and xylem cells and what are their function?

A

› the cells are long and joined end to end to form tubes.
› xylem cells are hollow in the centre.
› phloem cells have very few sub cellular structures so stuff can flow through them.

56
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells.

57
Q

Give 3 diseases/conditions that stem cells can cure.

A 
› diabetes.
› Parkinson's disease.
› Alzheimer's disease.
› heart disease.
› stroke.
› burns.
› cancer.
› osteoarthritis.
58
Q

Where can stem cells be found in plants?

A

Meristems.

59
Q

What is the meristem?

A

The part of the plant where growth occurs.

60
Q

What is binary fussion?

A

The process of reproduction through cell division.

61
Q

What is the process of binary fussion?

A
  1. The circular DNA and plasmid(s) replicate.
  2. The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite ends of the cell.
  3. The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form.
  4. The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced where each of them have a copy of the circular DNA.
62
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules that contain genetical material.

[each chromosome carries a large number of genes controlling the development of different characteristics such as hair colour]

63
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

23.

64
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A
  1. The cell’s DNA has been doubled.
  2. One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell.
  3. The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide.
  4. Two cells are formed, which are identical to each other and to the parent cell.
65
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

During the cell cycle.

66
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A series of stages in which cells divide to produce new cells.

67
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

68
Q

How do substances move in and out the cell membrane via diffusion?

A

› dissolved substances can move in and out of cells by diffusion.
› only small molecules can diffuse through cell membranes though like oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water.
› big molecules like starch and proteins can’t fit through.
› particles move from area of high concentration to low.

69
Q

Give 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion.

A

›high concentration gradient.
› temperature (higher temperature will make diffusion are faster as it provides more energy).
› a large surface area.

70
Q

What are the 4 factors that increase effectiveness of an exchange surface?

A

› thin membrane so substances only have a short distance to diffuse.
› large surface area so lots of a substance can diffuse at once.
› an efficient blood supply in animals.
› ventilation in gas exchange in animals.

71
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

72
Q

Why does a single celled organism have a relatively large surface area to volume ratio?

A

To allow sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell.

73
Q

Identify the different parts of a cell of an bacteria.

A

> cell wall.
DNA loop floating in cytoplasm.
plasmid.
cell membrane.

74
Q

Before the cell divides, what are three things it does?

A

> grows in size.
increases the amount of sub cellular structures. E.g. mitochondria and ribosomes.
duplicates its DNA.

75
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides.

76
Q

What is the reason that mitosis occurs?

A

To allow multicellular organisms to grow or replace cells that have been damaged.

77
Q

What parts are in nerve cells and what are their function?

A

> long to cover a large distance.

> branched to form a network of connections.

78
Q

What are nerve cells specialised for?

A

Rapid signalling.

79
Q

What are muscle cells specialised for?

A

Contraction.

80
Q

What parts are in muscle cells and what are their function?

A

> long so they have space to contract.

> lots of mitochondria for energy.

81
Q

What is the part in a root hair cells and what is its function?

A

> large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from soil.

82
Q

What are root hair cells specialised for?

A

Absorbing water and minerals.

83
Q

What is meant by active transport?

A

The movement of a substance against the concentration gradient.

Unlike diffusion and osmosis, it requires energy from respiration.

84
Q

How are leaves adapted for gas exchange?

A

> flat shape.

> stomata lets gases in and out.

85
Q

How are gills adapted for gas exchange?

A

[in fish where O₂ and CO₂ move between water and blood]

> lamellae have lots of capillaries.
lots of gill filaments covered in lamellae.
lamellae have a thin surface layer of cells.

86
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for exchange?

A

[absorption of food molecules from gut to blood]

> single layer of surface cells.
covered in villi.
large blood supply.

87
Q

How does bacteria multiply?

A

By simple cell division called binary fission as often as once every 20 minutes if they have enough nutrients and a suitable temperature.

88
Q

Where can bacteria be grown?

A

> a nutrient broth solution.

> as colonies on an agar gel plate.

89
Q

What is the use of stem cells from human embryos?

A

Can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells.

90
Q

What is the use of stem cells from adult bone marrow?

A

Can form many types of cells including blood cells.

91
Q

What is the use of meristem tissue in plants?

A

Can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant.

biology. (11 decks)

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