Extras that don't need to be revised Flashcards
What is cells differentiation?
⁽ᶜᵉˡˡ ᵇᶦᵒˡᵒᵍʸ⁾
The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.
How are stem cells in plants used to produce identical plants?
⁽ᶜᵉˡˡ ᵇᶦᵒˡᵒᵍʸ⁾
- Cells in the meristem tissues can differentiate into any type of plant cell.
- These stem cells can be used to produce clones of the whole plant quickly and cheaply.
- And can be used to grow more plants of rare species to prevent them from being wiped out.
Give 3 disadvantages of stem cells.
⁽ᶜᵉˡˡ ᵇᶦᵒˡᵒᵍʸ⁾
› some feel like human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments since each one is a potential human life.
› some think curing patients with existing lives and are suffering are more important than the rights of embryos.
› the embryos used are usually unwanted ones from the fertility clinic that would have been destroyed if kept there.
> stem cells from the lab could get a virus, which could get transferred to the patient.
How are stem cells in plants used to produce identical plants?
⁽ᶜᵉˡˡ ᵇᶦᵒˡᵒᵍʸ⁾
- Cells in the meristem tissues can differentiate into any type of plant cell.
- These stem cells can be used to produce clones of the whole plant quickly and cheaply.
- And can be used to grow more plants of rare species to prevent them from being wiped out.
Where are the three places that stem cells can come from and what can they become?
⁽ᶜᵉˡˡ ᵇᶦᵒˡᵒᵍʸ⁾
> adult bone marrow ↳ many kinds of cell. > human embryo ↳ any kind of human cell. > plant meristem ↳ any kind of plant cell.
Describe red blood cells.
⁽ᵒʳᵍᵃⁿᶦˢᵃᵗᶦᵒⁿ⁾
[carries oxygen around the body]
> no nucleus so more room for O₂.
contains haemoglobin which binds to O₂.
biconcave shape = big surface area = lots of O₂ absorbed.
Describe white blood cells.
⁽ᵒʳᵍᵃⁿᶦˢᵃᵗᶦᵒⁿ⁾
[defends against infection]
> has a ↳ nucleus. ↳ phagocytosis. ↳ antitoxins. ↳ antibodies.
Describe platelets.
⁽ᵒʳᵍᵃⁿᶦˢᵃᵗᶦᵒⁿ⁾
[help blood to clot at a wound]
> fragments of cells.
Describe plasma.
⁽ᵒʳᵍᵃⁿᶦˢᵃᵗᶦᵒⁿ⁾
[carries everything in the blood]
What is a malignant tumour?
⁽ᵒʳᵍᵃⁿᶦˢᵃᵗᶦᵒⁿ⁾
This is the tumour that grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissue. cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body by travelling in the bloodstream, then they invade healthy tissues to form secondary tumours. These are dangerous and can be fatal. THEY ARE CANCERS.
What risk factors increase chances of getting cancer?
⁽ᵒʳᵍᵃⁿᶦˢᵃᵗᶦᵒⁿ⁾
›smoking - lung cancer.
›obesity - bowel, liver and kidney cancer.
› UV exposure - skin cancer.
What is a protist?
⁽ᶦⁿᶠᵉᶜᵗᶦᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʳᵉˢᵖᵒⁿˢᵉ⁾
A single celled organism that causes diseases.
What are the 5 uses of glucose in plants?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
›respiration - energy is transferred from glucose.
› making strong cell walls - glucose is converted into cellulose used to make strong cell walls.
› making amino acids - combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids to make proteins.
› energy storage - turned into lipids for storing in seeds.
› stored as starch - stored in roots, stems and leaves ready for when photosynthesis isn’t happening like in the winter.
What is aerobic respiration?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
Respiration using oxygen transferring energy from glucose which takes place in the mitochondria.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O.
What is anaerobic respiration?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
Respiration without oxygen. It is the incomplete breakdown of glucose to make lactic acid.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
glucose → lactic acid + energy.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide.
What happens to your heart rate when you exercise?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
It increases to get oxygenated blood around the body faster.
What happens to your breathing volume when you exercise?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
Increases to get more oxygen into the blood.
What is meant by the term oxygen debt?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
The amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and removing it from the cells.
What is a metabolism?
⁽ᵇᶦᵒᵉⁿᵉʳᵍᵉᵗᶦᶜˢ⁾
All the chemical reactions in an organism.
How have sources for drugs changed over time?
⁽ᶦⁿᶠᵉᶜᵗᶦᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʳᵉˢᵖᵒⁿˢᵉ⁾
› many drug originally came from plants as they produce chemicals to defend themselves against pests and pathogens which have been used for drugs to treat or relieve symptoms to human diseases.
› microorganisms - Alexander Fleming was clearing petri dishes containing bacteria which one of them had mould on and the area around it was free from bacteria. He found that the mould was producing a substance that killed the bacteria called penicillin.
