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biology. > Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of the conditions inside your body and cells maintaining a stable internal environment in response to changes in internal and external conditions.

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2
Q

What are the components of the control systems?

A

› receptors.
› coordination centres.
› effectors.

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3
Q

What is the function of receptors?

A

To detect a stimuli.

[changes in environment]

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4
Q

What is the function of coordination centres?

A

To receive and process information from receptors and organise a response.

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5
Q

What is the function of effectors?

A

To produce a response to prevent change and restore optimal conditions.

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6
Q

What are the three things that are maintained by control systems?

A

› body temperature.
› blood glucose level.
› water content.

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7
Q

What are neurones?

A

Cells that carry information as electrical impulses in the nervous system.

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8
Q

What is the order in which things happen in the nervous system?

A

stimulus ⟶ receptor ⟶ sensory neurone ⟶ CNS ⟶ motor neurone ⟶ effector ⟶ response.

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9
Q

What is CNS?

A

Stands for central nervous system which consists of the brain and spinal cord and connected to the body by sensory neurones and motor neurones.

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10
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones. A nerve system is transferred across a synapse by the diffusion of chemicals.

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11
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain.

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12
Q

What are the steps of a reflex arc?

A 
① stimulation of pain receptor.
② impulses travel along sensory neurone.
③ impulses passed along relay neurone.
④ impulses travel along motor neurone.
⑤ muscle contracts and arm moves.
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13
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Made up of glands thats secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream carrying them to the target organs.

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14
Q

Name the six hormones in the body.

A 
› testes.
› ovaries.
› pancreas.
› adrenal gland.
› thyroid.
› pituitary gland (master gland).
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15
Q

What do testes produce?

A

Testosterone.

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16
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen.

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17
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin.

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18
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce?

A

Adrenaline.

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19
Q

What does the thyroid produce?

A

Thyroxine.

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20
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Stimulates other glands.

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21
Q

What are the five steps to reducing blood glucose?

A

① blood with too much glucose.
② pancreas detects high blood glucose and secretes insulin.
③ insulin causes glucose to move into cells.
④ insulin makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscles.
⑤ blood glucose is reduced.

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22
Q

What are the five steps to increase blood glucose?

A 
① not enough glucose in blood.
② glucagon secreted by the pancreas.
③ too little glucose and glucagon.
④ glucagon makes the liver turn glycogen into glucose and releases it.
⑤ blood glucose increased.
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23
Q

What is the cause, effect and treatment of type 1 diabetes?

A

CAUSE ⟶ pancreas produces little or no insulin.
EFFECT ⟶ blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels.
TREATMENT ⟶ insulin injections.

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24
Q

What is the cause, effect and treatment of type 2 diabetes?

A

CAUSE ⟶ cells no longer respond to insulin properly.
EFFECT ⟶ blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels.
TREATMENT ⟶ carbohydrate controlled diet and regular exercise.

[obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes]

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25
Q

What is puberty?

A

When the body starts releasing sex hormones which trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair in men and breast in women.

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26
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in men?

A

Testosterone which stimulates sperm production.

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27
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in women?

A

Oestrogen.

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28
Q

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Where menstruation starts and the uterus lining breaks.

29
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining builds up into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg.

30
Q

What is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Where ovulation occurs when the egg develops and is released from the ovary.

31
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The wall is maintained. If no fertilised egg lands on the wall, the lining breaks down and the cycle starts again.

32
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Stands for Follicle Stimulating Hormone which causes an egg to mature in an ovary.

33
Q

What is the function of oestrogen?

A

Causes the uterus lining to grow.

34
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Maintains the uterus lining.

35
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Stands for Luteinising Hormone which stimulates ovulation.

36
Q

What is meant by the term contraception?

A

Methods of reducing the likelihood of sperm reaching and ovulated egg.

37
Q

What are the hormonal methods of contraception and how do they work?

A

> oral contraception pills.
↳ contain hormones that inhibit FSH and stop eggs maturing.
implant.
↳ releases progesterone continuously to stop maturing and release of eggs.
injections or skin patches.
intrauterine devices.
↳ inserted into uterus to prevent eggs implanting and may also release hormones.

38
Q

What are the non-hormonal methods of contraception and how do they work?

A

> condoms and diaphragms.
↳ physically prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
sterilisation.
↳ a permanent surgical procedure to stop a woman or man from being fertile.
spermicides.
↳ disable or kill sperm.
abstaining from sexual intercourse completely.

39
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation.

40
Q

When may IVF be used?

A

When women can’t get pregnant.

41
Q

What is the process of IVF?

A

① the woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate several eggs to mature.
② the eggs are collected from the woman’s ovaries.
③ the eggs are fertilised in a lab using the man’s sperm.
④ the fertilised eggs are grown into embryos.
⑤ once embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus.

42
Q

What is the process of IVF?

A

① the woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate several eggs to mature.
② the eggs are collected from the woman’s ovaries.
③ the eggs are fertilised in a lab using the man’s sperm.
④ the fertilised eggs are grown into embryos.
⑤ once embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus.

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of IVF?

A

> it’s emotionally and physically stressful.
low success rate.
can lead to multiple births which can be dangerous for the mother and the babies.

44
Q

What are sensory neurones?

A

The neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS.

45
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

The neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors.

46
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

It enables humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.

47
Q

How is body temperature monitored and controlled?

A

The skin contains temperature receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood and sends nervous impulses to the thermoregulatory centre in the brain.

48
Q

What happens when the body temperature is too high?

A

❶ blood vessels dilate.

❷ sweat is produced from the sweat glands causing a transfer of energy from the skin to the environment.

49
Q

What happens when the body temperature is too low?

A

❶ blood vessels constrict.
❷ the sweating stops.
❸ skeletal muscles contract.

50
Q

What happens in the endocrine system?

A

The blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect.
[compared to the nervous system the effects are slower but act for longer]

51
Q

What is blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled by?

A

The pancreas.

52
Q

What are the three plant hormones?

A

> auxins.
ethene.
gibberellins.

53
Q

When are auxins used?

A

> as weed killers.
as rooting powders.
for promoting growth in tissue.

54
Q

When is ethene used?

A

In the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport.

55
Q

When can gibberellins be used?

A

> controlling dormancy.
promote flowering.
increase fruit size.

56
Q

What is the effect on cells of osmotic changes in body fluids?

A

❶ water leaves the body via the lungs during exhalation.
❷ water, ions and urea are lost from the skin in sweat.
❸ there is no control over water, ion or urea lost by the lungs or skin.
❹ excess water, ions and urea are removed via the kidneys in the urine.
❺ if body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis they don’t function efficiently.

57
Q

What happens during the digestion of protein?

A

❶ it results in excess amino acids which need to be excreted safely.
❷ these amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia in the liver.
❸ ammonia is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion as it is toxic.

58
Q

How does the kidneys produce urine?

A

By filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose, some ions and water.

59
Q

How does negative feedback in kidneys decrease water content?

A

❶ a receptor in the brain detects that the water content is too high.
❷ the coordination centre in the brain receives the information and coordinates a response.
❸ the pituitary gland releases less ADH so less water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules.

60
Q

How does negative feedback in kidneys increase water content?

A

❶ a receptor in the brain detects the water content is too low.
❷ the coordination centre in the brain receives the information and coordinates a response.
❸ the pituitary gland releases more ADH so more water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules.

61
Q

How can kidney failure be treated?

A

> organ transplant.

> kidney dialysis.

62
Q

Why is dialysis done regularly?

A

To keep the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood at normal levels and remove waste substances.

63
Q

What happens in a dialysis machine?

A

The person’s blood flows between partially permeable membranes surrounded by dialysis fluid. The membranes are permeable to things like ions and waste substances but not big molecules like proteins.

64
Q

What is the concentration of dialysis fluid?

A

The same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood meaning useful dissolved ions and glucose won’t be lost from the blood during dialysis.

65
Q

What diffuses across the dialysis barrier?

A

Only waste substances such as urea, excess ions and water.

66
Q

What are the disadvantages dialysis?

A

> can cause blood clots.
can cause infections.
expensive to run.
not a pleasant experience.

67
Q

Why do plants produce hormones?

A

To coordinate, control growth and respond to light and gravity.

68
Q

What can the unequal distributions of auxins cause?

A

Unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots.

biology. (11 decks)

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