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A Level Chemistry Organic > Organic Synthesis,NMR And Amino acids > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis,NMR And Amino acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What do amino acid molecules consist of and what property do they share

A

An amine group
A carboxylic acid group

They are all chiral

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2
Q

State the properties that the carboxylic acid and amine group have in Amino acid and state what they react with

A

Carboxylic acid has acidic properties and so react with bases

Amines have basic properties and react with acids

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3
Q

What would happen when the amino acid is in a high ph(alkali)

A

The COOH would lose a hydrogen and become

COO-

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4
Q

What would happen when the amino acid is in a low ph (reacts with acids)

A

The Nh2 would gain a hydrogen

Becomes NH3+

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5
Q

What is is called when amino acid reacts with itself

A

It’s referred to an a zwitterion they have both a proton donar(COOH)and proton accepting group(NH3)

NH3 +
COO-

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6
Q

State the bond that forms between amino acids in a protein

A

Peptide bonds

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7
Q

What is the primary structure of a proteins

A

The sequence of amino acids in a chain

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8
Q

What are the two secondary structures proteins can form

A

A helix

Beta plated sheets

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9
Q

State why secondary structures can occur in proteins

A

As hydrogen bonds can occur between the hydrogen atom on peptide link with either a nitrogen or oxygen on another peptide link

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10
Q

What is the tertiary structure and how does it occur

A

The 3D structure of a protein it occurs as a result of interactions between amino acid groups further apart in the chain

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11
Q

State the 3 types of bonds that can form in the tertiary structure

A

Hydrogen bondings
Ionic bonding
Covalent sulfur Sulfur bonds (disulphides Bridge

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12
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine

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13
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

Phosphate ion
2-deoxyribose
One of the four bases(adenine,cystine,guanine,thymine)

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14
Q

State the complementary bonding in DNA

A

Thymine pairs with adenine

Cytosine pairs with Guanine

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15
Q

When a condensation reaction occurs between two nucleotides what is formed and where does the bond occur

A

It occurs between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose of another it’s a covalent bond

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16
Q

What is the function of cisplatin and give its structure

A

It’s anti-cancer drug

  • 2(Cl)-Pt-(NH3)2
17
Q

How does cisplatin work

A

It binds to two of the Guanine bases on a strand of DNA

It undergos ligand substitution with with the Nitrogen on Guanine replacing the CL on the cisplatin and a dative covalent bond forms

This action prevents cell replication of the DNA which means cancer cells can no longer divide

18
Q

Why does the Nitrogen atom on the cisplatin replace the Chlorine on the cisplatin

A

As it’s a better ligand

19
Q

State why cancer drugs like cisplatin have side effects

A

Because it binds to DNA in healthy cells preventing them from replicating and so as a result people may lose their hair

20
Q

What are enzymes

A

That are globular proteins that catalyse reactions

21
Q

What part of an enzyme catalyses reaction

A

It’s active side

22
Q

Why are enzymes considered to be stereospefic

A

As their 3D shapes can only catalyse one individual enantiomer or pair of a chiral molecule

23
Q

What happens in enzyme inhibition.

A

drugs are designed that have a similar shape to the substrate,

It will bind to the active site of the enzyme blocking the substrate from binding it preventing a reaction occurring so the reaction won’t occur

24
Q

Why are computer models becoming useful in treating enzymes

A

They can predict the shape of the enzyme and once the shape is understood then they can design the shape of the substrate that can react with the enzyme

25
Q

Why is enzyme inhibition useful

A

As we can prevent the reaction of enzymes that may cause harmful reactions in our body

26
Q

State how the structures in a protein can be identified and give the name of the process and the reagent involved

A

By hydrolysis using 6 mol dm of hydrochloric acid

This breaks the amide bond in the protein

27
Q

Why is TMS used as standard and state it’s formula

A

It’s inert

Non-toxic
Low melting point so it
can be removed easily

Produces a single peak as all the hydrogens are chemically equivalent
Produces an intense peak

Si(ch3)4

28
Q

What is the standard used in proton nmr and why it is useful

A

CCl4,CDCL3 is the isotope

Contains no hydrogens atoms

29
Q

What is the advantages of Tlc over papar chromatography

A

It runs faster
Smaller amounts of mixture can be separated
Spots spread out less

30
Q

What is the mobile phase in chromatography

A

It’s carries the soluble components of the mixture with it

31
Q

Give the 3 types of chromatography

A

Thin layer chromatography

Column chromatography

Gas chromatography

32
Q

What happens in column chromatography

A

A glass tube (which is the column) is filled with the stationary phase (slica)in powder form to increase the surface area

A filter is used to retain the solid in the tube

The mixture to be analysed is to be dissolved in the solvent and is then add EE to the column

The solvent is then run through the column

The time for each component in the mixture to reach the column is recorded

33
Q

What is retention time and why is it useful

A

The time for each component to reach the end of the mixture

It can be used to identify a component

34
Q

What happens in gas chromatography

A

A gaseous mixture is injected into a column and is allowed to flow through under high pressure

The time it takes to control exit the coloumn is called retention time and can be used to identify the component

35
Q

In gas chromatography what is the mobile phase and stationary phase

A

Gas like helium

A liquid with a high boiling point

36
Q

State how haloalkane are formed

A

From electrophillic addition of alkenes

37
Q

State what the splitting patterns

Singlet
Doublet
Triplet
Quartet dhow

A

Singlet-shows that the adjacent carbon has no hydrogen attached(indicating possible functional group)

Doublet shows the adjacent carbon has 1 hydrogens

Triplet shows that the adjacent carbon has 2 hydrogens

Quartet shows that the adjacent carbon has 3 hydrogens attached

38
Q

What do the amount of peaks on carbon nmr tell us

A

The number of different environments carbon is in

A Level Chemistry Organic (13 decks)

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