Introduction Into Organic Flashcards
What is isomerism
When compounds have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
What is meant by functional group
The reactive group within a organic compound
How do members of a homologous series differ
By the next CH2
What does the carbon length of the chains effect
The physical properties
Boling points
Melting points
Solubility
Why does melting and boiling point increase as carbon chain length increases
As their are more van set waals forces acting between the carbons
Give the two types of isomers
Structural isomers
Steroisomerism
What is structural isomerism divided into and give definitions for each one
Positional isomerism-the molecular formula is the same but the functional group is attached at different parts of the chain
Functional isomerism-when the molecular formula is the same but the functional group is different
Chain isomerism-same molecular formula but the carbon chain is different
What is steroisomerism
Same structural formula butt the arrangement of bond are different In space
What are the two types of steroisomerism
E-Z isomerism
Optical isomerism
What are alkenes
Saturated hydrocarbons that are the least reactive
In fractional distillation what can the products produced at the bottom of the fraction colour be used for
Bitumen roads and surfaces
What can the fuel oil in fractional distillation be used for
To power ships and power stations
What can kerosene that’s produced be used for
Jet fuel and paraffin
The products produced at the top of the column what can they be used for
To make gasoline and petrol
What is cracking and why is it performed
To make longer chains in crude oil smaller as they are more useful and valuable
State the two types of cracking
Thermal
Catalytic
What is thermal cracking
When alkenes are heated at high temperatures a and pressures 700 -1200k
This breaks the carbon carbon bond and alkenes are produced as a result
What is catalytic cracking and what catalyst is used
Cracking that occurs at lower temp and pressure and a zeolite catalyst(silicon dioxode) is used
This cracking produces motor fuels,products are branched alkanes
What is combustion and that is produced
The burning of short chain alkanes water and Co2 are produced
What is incomplete combustion and what is produced
When not enough oxygen is supplied and carbon monoxide Is produced
What pollutants are produced from burning crude oil
Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide Particulates Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxide
How is nitrogen oxide produced
In a petrol engine when very high temperatures or oxygen and nitrogen react with one another
When nitrogen oxide reacts with water vapour and oxygen what is made and why is it harmful
Nitric acid is formed which contributes to acid rain
N2+O2->2NO
How is sulfur dioxide produced
When sulfur impurities in crude oil are burnt
How does sulfur contribute to acid rain
When it’s reacts with oxygen and water vapour it forms sulphuric acid
What are particulates and how are they harmful
They are produced when large hydrocarbons aren’t burnt properly
They can cause cancer and asthma
What is flue gas desulfurisation
It’s the process of removing sulfur dioxide from glue gas
What happens in flue gas desulfurisation
The flue gas has a slurry of calcium oxide sprayed on it causing the flue gas and the calcium oxide to react which forms calcium sulphate which when oxidised produced gypsum
What are catalytic converters and why are they benefitical
They have a large surface area and are made of platinum and rhodium as harmful pollutants pass over it causes them to react with one another
Ie carbon monoxide nitrogen oxide nitrogen and carbon dioxide
What is homologous series
It’s s family of organic compounds with the same functional group but different carbon chain length
They have the same general formula
What compounds undergo nucleophillic substitution
Haloalkanes
What compounds undergo electrophillic addition
Alkenes
What compounds undergo nucleophillic addition
Aldehydes and ketones
What compounds undergo electrophillic substitution
Arenes
What compounds undergo nucleophillic addition elimination
Acyl chlorides and acid anhydride
