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A Level Chemistry Organic > Introduction Into Organic > Flashcards

Introduction Into Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

What is isomerism

A

When compounds have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

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2
Q

What is meant by functional group

A

The reactive group within a organic compound

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4
Q

How do members of a homologous series differ

A

By the next CH2

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5
Q

What does the carbon length of the chains effect

A

The physical properties
Boling points
Melting points
Solubility

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6
Q

Why does melting and boiling point increase as carbon chain length increases

A

As their are more van set waals forces acting between the carbons

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7
Q

Give the two types of isomers

A

Structural isomers

Steroisomerism

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8
Q

What is structural isomerism divided into and give definitions for each one

A

Positional isomerism-the molecular formula is the same but the functional group is attached at different parts of the chain

Functional isomerism-when the molecular formula is the same but the functional group is different

Chain isomerism-same molecular formula but the carbon chain is different

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9
Q

What is steroisomerism

A

Same structural formula butt the arrangement of bond are different In space

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10
Q

What are the two types of steroisomerism

A

E-Z isomerism

Optical isomerism

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11
Q

What are alkenes

A

Saturated hydrocarbons that are the least reactive

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12
Q

In fractional distillation what can the products produced at the bottom of the fraction colour be used for

A

Bitumen roads and surfaces

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13
Q

What can the fuel oil in fractional distillation be used for

A

To power ships and power stations

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14
Q

What can kerosene that’s produced be used for

A

Jet fuel and paraffin

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15
Q

The products produced at the top of the column what can they be used for

A

To make gasoline and petrol

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16
Q

What is cracking and why is it performed

A

To make longer chains in crude oil smaller as they are more useful and valuable

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17
Q

State the two types of cracking

A

Thermal

Catalytic

18
Q

What is thermal cracking

A

When alkenes are heated at high temperatures a and pressures 700 -1200k

This breaks the carbon carbon bond and alkenes are produced as a result

19
Q

What is catalytic cracking and what catalyst is used

A

Cracking that occurs at lower temp and pressure and a zeolite catalyst(silicon dioxode) is used

This cracking produces motor fuels,products are branched alkanes

20
Q

What is combustion and that is produced

A

The burning of short chain alkanes water and Co2 are produced

21
Q

What is incomplete combustion and what is produced

A

When not enough oxygen is supplied and carbon monoxide Is produced

22
Q

What pollutants are produced from burning crude oil

A 
Carbon dioxide 
Sulfur dioxide 
Particulates 
Carbon monoxide 
Nitrogen oxide
23
Q

How is nitrogen oxide produced

A

In a petrol engine when very high temperatures or oxygen and nitrogen react with one another

24
Q

When nitrogen oxide reacts with water vapour and oxygen what is made and why is it harmful

A

Nitric acid is formed which contributes to acid rain

N2+O2->2NO

25
Q

How is sulfur dioxide produced

A

When sulfur impurities in crude oil are burnt

26
Q

How does sulfur contribute to acid rain

A

When it’s reacts with oxygen and water vapour it forms sulphuric acid

27
Q

What are particulates and how are they harmful

A

They are produced when large hydrocarbons aren’t burnt properly

They can cause cancer and asthma

28
Q

What is flue gas desulfurisation

A

It’s the process of removing sulfur dioxide from glue gas

29
Q

What happens in flue gas desulfurisation

A

The flue gas has a slurry of calcium oxide sprayed on it causing the flue gas and the calcium oxide to react which forms calcium sulphate which when oxidised produced gypsum

30
Q

What are catalytic converters and why are they benefitical

A

They have a large surface area and are made of platinum and rhodium as harmful pollutants pass over it causes them to react with one another
Ie carbon monoxide nitrogen oxide nitrogen and carbon dioxide

31
Q

What is homologous series

A

It’s s family of organic compounds with the same functional group but different carbon chain length

They have the same general formula

32
Q

What compounds undergo nucleophillic substitution

A

Haloalkanes

33
Q

What compounds undergo electrophillic addition

A

Alkenes

34
Q

What compounds undergo nucleophillic addition

A

Aldehydes and ketones

35
Q

What compounds undergo electrophillic substitution

A

Arenes

36
Q

What compounds undergo nucleophillic addition elimination

A

Acyl chlorides and acid anhydride

A Level Chemistry Organic (13 decks)

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