Organic synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why do you try and keep the number of steps as low as possible ?

A

To improve the percentage yield of the final product.

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2
Q

What could cause the yield of an individual step to be low ?

2

A
  • product could be left in the reaction mixture each time / inefficient separation
  • incomplete/reversible reactions
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3
Q

What is the main oxidising agent used inorganic chemistry ?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate
K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4

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4
Q

What are primary alcohols oxidised into ?

A

Aldehydes, then carboxylic acids
- using acidifies potassium dichromate
- heat

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5
Q

What are secondary carboxylic acids oxidised to ?

A

Ketones
- reduction
- acidified potassium dichromate
- heat

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6
Q

What reduces C=O

A

NaBH4

H- attacks the C+

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7
Q

What reduces C=C

A

H2 and Nickel

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8
Q

What reduces NO2 to NH2

A

Tin / HCl

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9
Q

What are the 2 main dehydrating agents

A

Al2O3. ( vapours pass over it )

Acid catalysed elimination by H3PO4

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10
Q

What does a compound being solid indicate ?

A

Long chain C or ionic

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11
Q

What does a compound being a gas indicate ?

A

Short carbon chain or non polar-bonds

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12
Q

What does a smoky flame when burnt suggest?

A

High C:H ratio, possibly aromatic

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13
Q

Alkene ——> alkane

A

Hydrogenation (electrophilic addition)
- high temp - 200
- Ni catalyst
- H2

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14
Q

Alkene ——> haloalkane

A

Electrophilic addition.
- halogen HX or X2

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15
Q

Haloalkane ——> Alkene

A

Elimination
- warm
- ethanol
- NaOH or KOH

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16
Q

Alkene ——> alcohol

A

Electrophilic addition
- conc. H3PO4
- add water

17
Q

Alcohol ——> Alkene

A

Elimination
- H2SO4
- hot - 200

18
Q

Alkene ——> Alkyl hydrogen sulphate

A

Electrophilic addition
- conc. H2SO4

19
Q

Alkyl hydrogen sulphate ——> alcohol

A

Hydrolysis
- add H2O
- heat

20
Q

Alkane ——> haloalkane

A

Free radical substitution
- halogens
- UV light

21
Q

Haloalkane ——> Amine

A

Nucleophilic substitution
- NH3
- heat

22
Q

Amine ——> Amide

A

nucleophilic addition elimination
- acyl chloride or acid anhydride

23
Q

Haloalkane ——> Nitrile

A

Nucleophilic substitution
- KCN
- ethanol
- heat

24
Q

Nitrile ——> Amine

A

Reduction
- H2
- Ni catalyst
- heat - 200

25
Haloalkane ——> alcohol
Nucleophilic substitution - warmed NaOH
26
Aldehyde ——> Primary alcohol
Reduction - NaBH4
27
Ketone ——> 2-hydroxynitrile
Nucleophilic addition - KCN
28
Aldehyde ——> 2-hydroxynitrile
Nucleophilic addition - KCN
29
Carboxylic ——> ester
Hydrolysis - H2SO4 catalyst
30
Benzene ——> Cyclohexane
Reduction - hydrogenation - 200 - Ni - H2
31
Benzene ——> acylated benzene
Electrophilic substitution - AlCL3 catalyst - Acyl chloride or acid anhydride
32
Benzene ——> Nitrobenzene
Electrophilic substitution - conc.HNO3 and H2SO4 - 50
33
Nitrobenzene ——> aminobenzene
Reduction - tin - conc. HCL - NaOH
34
AminoBenzene ——> benzene amid
Electrophilic elimination - acyl chloride and acid anhydride
35
Acylated benzene ——> benzene with alcohol
Reduction - NaBH4