Organic Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 things are found in QuickFit apparatus?

A
Round bottom or pear shaped flask
Receiver
Screw tap adaptor
Condenser
Still head
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2
Q

What is reflux used for?

A

Heating reactants without boiling off solvent, reactants or products

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3
Q

When is a water bath used in reflux?

A

When the reaction can be carried out at a temperature lower than 100C

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4
Q

Why are heating mantles often used instead of Bunsen burners?

A

No naked flame
If the reactant is flammable it cannot cause a fire
Provides an added level of safety

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5
Q

What is the role of anti-bumping granules?

A

Contents boil smoothly preventing glassware vibrating violently

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6
Q

What is the role of grease on the condenser?

A

A good seal

So that the apparatus comes apart easily at end of experiment

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7
Q

Why is a stopper never placed in a condenser?

A

Build up of pressure as heated air expanded

Could result in explosion

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8
Q

What does heating under reflux allow for?

A

Liquid to be continually boiled
Prevents volatile liquids escaping
Continually condensed

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9
Q

What is distillation used for?

A

Separate a pure liquid from its impurities

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10
Q

How do you identify the aqueous layer in a separating funnel?

A

Add distilled water and aqueous layer will grow in size

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11
Q

What is a separating funnel used for?

A

Separating immiscible liquids

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12
Q

How do you remove acid impurities?

A

Add aqueous sodium carbonate and shake
Remove CO2 produced
Separate

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13
Q

What is a drying agent?

A

An anhydrous inorganic salt that readily takes up water to become hydrated

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14
Q

Give 3 examples of drying agents and there use

A

Calcium chloride- drying hydrocarbons
Calcium sulfate- general drying
Magnesium sulfate- general drying

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15
Q

What is the point of redistillation?

A

Removes impurities when organic compounds have relatively similar boiling points

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16
Q

What is organic synthesis?

A

The preparation of complex molecules from simple starting materials

17
Q

How do you convert alkenes to alcohols?

A

Steam
300C
Phosphoric Acid Catalyst

18
Q

How do you convert alkenes to haloalkanes?

A

Hydrogen halide

19
Q

How do you convert alkenes to alkanes?

A

H2

Nickel Catalyst

20
Q

How do you convert alcohols to alkenes?

A

Concentrated sulfuric acid

21
Q

How do you convert haloalkanes to alcohols?

A

NaOH

Reflux

22
Q

How do you convert alcohols to haloalkanes?

A

Sodium halide

Sulfuric acid catalyst

23
Q

How do you convert a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

Reflux

24
Q

How do you convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

Distillation

25
Q

How do you convert a secondary alcohol into a ketone?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

Reflux

26
Q

Define target molecule

A

The compound that the chemist is attempting to prepare by organic synthesis