Organic Structure Flashcards
Describe the relationship between boiling point and chain length
boiling point increases with chain length (increased dispersion forces)
A substance with a low melting point and high solubility in cyclohexane is most likely to be an _______.
Alkane / hydrocarbon
Does a ‘cis’ or a ‘trans’ geometrical isomer have similar substituents on the opposite side of a double bond?
trans
What are the prefixes used to represent the number of carbons? List 1-10
Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
Name the classes of organic compounds that have functional groups that contain nitrogen?
Amines, amides and nitriles
What are the prefixes used to show multiple branches of the same type?
Di, tri, tetra and penta
Name the classes of organic compounds that have functional groups with oxygen in them?
Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
What class/es of organic compounds contain a carbonyl functional group?
Aldehydes and ketones
Sequence in order of increasing solubility in water - carboxylic acid, ketone, alcohol
Ketone, alcohol, carboxylic acid (dipole only, H-bonding, 2x H- bonding)
What class of organic compound contains a hydroxyl functional group?
Alcohols
What differs between primary, secondary and tertiary amides?
The number of alkyl (R) groups attached to the nitrogen atom
What does the suffix “yne” in a name represent?
The presence of one or more triple bonds
What does the functional group of an ester look like?
They have a carbon that has both a carbonyl group and an oxygen that is linked to another carbon
What functional group do amides have?
An amine group attached to a carbon with a carbonyl group attached to it
What does the name of a branch end in?
‘yl’
What functional group do carboxylic acids have?
Carboxyl functional group or COOH
What does the
suffix “ane” in a name represent?
Single bonds or saturated
What is a carbonyl functional group?
A double bonded oxygen to a carbon (C=O)
What does the
suffix “ene” in a name represent?
The presence of
one or more
double bonds
What is a carboxyl functional group?
COOH - a double bonded oxygen and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon
What is a functional group?
An atom or a group of atoms in an organic compound that determines the reactivity and properties of that compound
What is a straight chained alkane?
A hydrocarbon that contains all single bonds with no branches
What is a geometrical isomer?
Compounds that have the same atoms but have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond
What is a structural isomer?
Organic molecules that have the same molecular formula but different bonds between the atoms
What is a homologous series?
A group of organic molecules with the same functional group but a different number of carbon atoms in the main chain
What is the difference between a primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol?
The number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that the hydroxyl is attached to
What is a hydrocarbon?
An organic compound that only contains carbon and hydrogen
What is the difference between the positioning of the carbonyl functional group in ketones and aldehydes?
Aldehydes have the functional group on an end carbon. Ketones have them on a carbon in the middle of the parent chain
What is a hydroxyl functional group?
OH
What is the functional
group in the nitrile
class of organic
molecules?
A carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen
What is the rule when assigning a number to show the location of a functional group?
Always give the carbon that the functional group is attached to the lowest possible number
What suffix is used in the naming of alcohols?
ol
What molecule are amines and amides derived from?
Ammonia (NH3)
What suffix is used in the naming of the nitrile class of organic molecules?
nitrile
What suffix is used for amines?
amine
What suffix is used to name amides?
amide
What suffix is used in the names of an ester?
… yl …oate
What type of functional group does a haloalkane contain?
Halogens such as chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine
What suffix is used in the names of carboxylic acids?
oic acid
Which is more volatile - pentane or dimethylpropane?
Dimethyl propane (branches reduce IMF strength)
Where is the hydroxyl
functional group
located in a primary
alcohol?
It is always attached to a carbon on the end of a carbon parent chain
Why are the smaller alcohols e.g. ethanol more soluble in water?
Polar molecules that H-bond allows increased solubility. Smaller carbon chain does not interfer with the H- bonding.
