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Year 2 Chemistry OCR A level > Organic reactions > Flashcards

Organic reactions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the conditions when reacting an alkane and halogen

A

UV light

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2
Q

What is the type of reaction that occurs between an alkane and a halogen

A

Radical substitution

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3
Q

What are the conditions when reacting an alkene and hydrogen

A

Ni or Pt catalyst

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4
Q

What is the type of reaction that occurs between an alkene and hydrogen

A

Addition

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5
Q

What type of reaction occurs between an alkene and a halogen

A

Electrophilic addition

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6
Q

When an alkene reacts with bromine, what is the observation

A

Bromine is decolourised

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7
Q

What type of reaction occurs when an alkene and hydrogen halide react

A

Electrophilic addition

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8
Q

What are the conditions when an alkene and water react

A

Phosphoric acid catalyst
Steam

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9
Q

What is produced when an alkene reacts with water

A

An alcohol

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10
Q

What type of reaction occurs when an alkene reacts with water

A

Electrophilic addition

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11
Q

What type of polymerisation occurs to alkenes

A

Addition polymerisation

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12
Q

What are the conditions when alcohols are dehydrated

A

Heat
Concentrated sulfuric acid

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13
Q

What are the products of the dehydration of an alcohol

A
  • Alkene
  • Water
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14
Q

What are the conditions when oxidising a primary alcohol to an aldehyde

A
  • Heat
  • Aqueous acidified potassium dichromate
  • Distill
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15
Q

What is the colour change observed when an alcohol is oxidised using potassium dichromate

A

Orange to green

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16
Q

What are the conditions when oxidising a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

A
  • Heat
  • Reflux
  • Aqueous acidified potassium dichromate
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17
Q

What are the conditions when oxidising a secondary alcohol to a ketone

A
  • Heat
  • Reflux
  • Aqueous acidified potassium dichromate
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18
Q

What are the products when an alcohol and hydrogen halide react

A
  • Haloalkane
  • Water
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19
Q

What 2 things are needed to react an alcohol and hydrogen halide together

A
  • Concentrated sulfuric acid
  • Sodium halide
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20
Q

What type of reaction occurs between a haloalkane and aqueous alkali

A

Nucleophilic subsitution

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21
Q

What are the conditions needed when reacting haloalkane to produce an alcohol

A
  • Heat
  • Aqueous sodium hydroxide
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22
Q

What is produced when a haloalkane and water react

A

Alcohol

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23
Q

What are the conditions when a haloalkane and water react

A
  • Heat with water
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24
Q

What is produced when haloalkane and ammonia react

A
  • Primary amine
  • Hydrogen halide
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25
Q

What are the conditions when forming an amine from haloalkane and ammonia

A
  • Heat
  • Excess ammonia
  • Dissolved in ethanol
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26
Q

What is produced when a primary amine and a haloalkane react

A
  • Secondary amine
  • Hydrogen halide
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27
Q

What are the conditions when forming a secondary amine from a primary amine and haloalkane

A
  • Heat
  • Excess amine
  • Dissolved in ethanol
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28
Q

What type of reaction occurs between haloalkane and ammonia

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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29
Q

What type of reaction occurs between haloalkane and primary amine

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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30
Q

What is the immediate product of the reaction between haloalkane and primary amine/ ammonia

A

Amine salt

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31
Q

What is added to the amine salt to form the free amine

A

Aqueous alkali e.g. NaOH

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32
Q

What is produced when reacting a haloalkane and sodium cyanide

A

Nitrile

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33
Q

What are the conditions when reacting a haloalkane and sodium cyanide

A
  • Sodium cyanide dissolved in ethanol
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34
Q

What type of reaction occurs when nitrating an aromatic ring

A

Electrophilic substitution

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35
Q

What are the conditions needed to nitrate an aromatic ring

A
  • Concentrated nitric acid
  • Concentrated sulfuric acid
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36
Q

What type of reaction occurs when halogenating an aromatic ring

A

Electrophilic substitution

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37
Q

What are the conditions needed when halogenating an aromatic ring

A

Halogen carrier e.g FeX3

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38
Q

What type of reaction occurs when Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of an aromatic ring occurs

A

Electrophilic substitition

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39
Q

What are the conditions needed when Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of an aromatic ring

A

Halogen carrier e.g. FeX3

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40
Q

What is formed after the Friedel-Crafts Acylation of an aromatic ring occurs

A

Ketone

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41
Q

What are the conditions needed to acylation an aromatic ring

A

Halogen carrier e.g. FeX3

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42
Q

Why doesn’t phenol reaction with carbonate

A

Too weakly acidic

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43
Q

What is the observation when phenol reacts with aqueous bromine

A
  • Bromine decolourised
  • White precipitates forms
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44
Q

When phenol reacts with bromine, what positions on the ring are bromine places

A
  • 2,4,6
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45
Q

What type of reaction occurs between phenol and acyl chloride

A

Condensation reaction

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46
Q

What is the observation when 2,4-DNP reacts with a carbonyl

A

Orange or yellow precipitate

47
Q

How do you identify the carbonyl after reacting it with 2,4-DNP

A
  • Collect precipitate
  • Recrystallise
  • Measure melting point and compare with database to identify specific carbonyl
48
Q

What are the conditions to identify an aldehyde

A

Warm with Tollens reagent

49
Q

What is the observation when an aldehyde reacts with Tollens reagent

A

Silver mirror

50
Q

What is the product when an aldehyde reacts with Tollens reagent

A

Carboxylic acid forms

51
Q

In the silver mirror test, what is reduced

A

Silver ions

52
Q

What is the reagent needed to reduce a ketone or aldehyde back to alcohol

A

NaBH4 , sodium tetrahydridoborate

53
Q

What are the conditions needed to reduce a ketone or aldehyde back to alcohol

A
  • NaBH4
  • Aqueous solution
54
Q

What is the product when an aldehyde reacts with acidified aqueous sodium cyanide

A

Hydroxynitrile

55
Q

What are the conditions when a carbonyl reacts with acidified aqueous sodium cyanide

A
  • NaCN
  • Dilute HCl
56
Q

What are the general products:
carboxylic acid + metal

A

Salt
Hydrogen

57
Q

What are the general products
carboxylic acid + carbonate

A
  • Salt
  • carbon dioxide
  • Water
58
Q

What are the general products
Carboxylic acid + alkalis

A
  • Salt
  • Water
59
Q

What are the general products
Carboxylic acid + ammonia

A

Ammonium salt

60
Q

What is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

61
Q

What are the conditions to produce an ester from an alcohol and carboxylic acid

A
  • concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
  • Heat under reflux
62
Q

What type of reaction occurs between an alcohol and carboxylic acid to produce an ester

A

Condensation

63
Q

What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with amine

64
Q

What type of reaction occurs when a carboxylic acid reacts with an amine to produce an amide

A

Condensation

65
Q

What needs to be absent when an amide is produced from a carboxylic acid and amine

66
Q

What is more commonly used to produce an amide by reacting it with an amine

A

An acyl chloride rather than a carboxylic acid

67
Q

What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with thionyl chloride (SOCl2)

A
  • Acyl chloride
  • SO2
  • HCl
68
Q

What is produced when an acid anhydride reacts with an alcohol

69
Q

What are the conditions when reacting an acid anhydride with an alcohol

70
Q

Acid anhydride + Alcohol

A
  • Ester
  • Carboxylic acid
71
Q

Acyl chloride + Alcohol

72
Q

What are the conditions when an acyl chloride reacts with an alcohol

A

Room temperature

73
Q

Acyl chloride + Water

A
  • Carboxylic acid
  • HCl
74
Q

Acyl chloride + ammonia

A
  • Primary amide
  • HCl
75
Q

Acyl chloride + amine

A
  • Secondary amide
  • HCl
76
Q

What are the products of the acid hydrolysis of an ester

A
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Alcohol
77
Q

Conditions needed when hydrolysing an ester via acid hydrolysis

A
  • Heat under reflux
  • With aqueous acid
78
Q

What are the products of the base hydrolysis of an ester

A
  • Carboxylate salt
  • Alcohol
79
Q

Conditions needed when hydrolysing an ester via base hydrolysis

A
  • Heat under reflux
  • With aqueous alkali
80
Q

What are the 2 reactions that produce primary amines

A
  • Haloalkane + ammonia
  • Reduction of a nitrile
81
Q

What reaction produces secondary amine

A

Primary amine + haloalkane

82
Q

What are the conditions needed to reduce nitrobenzene to a phenylamine

A
  • Heat under reflux
  • With Tin (Sn)
  • Concentrated HCl
83
Q

What is initially formed when nitrobenzene is reduced using tin and conc HCl

84
Q

What is added to the benzene ring with -NH3+ salt, to free the amine

85
Q

Amine + Water

86
Q

Are amines weak or strong bases

87
Q

Amine + Acid

A

Ammonium Salt

88
Q

What is produced when amine + acyl chloride react

A

Secondary amide

89
Q

Amino acid + acid

A

Amino acid salt

90
Q

Amino acid + alkali

A
  • Amino acid salt
  • Water
91
Q

Amino acid + alcohol

A
  • Amino acid ester
  • Water
92
Q

What are the conditions needed to react an amino acid with alcohol

A
  • Heat
  • concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
93
Q

What 2 reactions form nitriles

A
  • Haloalkane + NaCN
  • Carbonyl + acidified NaCN
94
Q

Why are nitriles so important

A

To extend the carbon framework of a molecule

95
Q

What are the products of the hydrolysis of a nitrile

A
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Ammonium ion
96
Q

What are the conditions for the hydrolysis of a nitrile

A
  • Reflux
  • Aqueous HCl
97
Q

What is produced when nitriles are reduced

A

Primary amine

98
Q

What are the conditions needed to reduce a nitrile

A
  • Heat
  • Hydrogen gas
  • Pt catalyst
99
Q

What are the conditions needed to hydrolyse a polyester under acidic conditions

A
  • Aqueous HCl
  • Heat under reflux
100
Q

What are the products of the hydrolysis of a polyester under acidic conditions

A
  • Dicarboxylic acid
  • Diol
101
Q

What are the conditions needed to hydrolyse a polyester under alkali conditons

A
  • Aqueous NaOH
  • Heat under reflux
102
Q

What are the products of the alkali hydrolysis of a polyester

A
  • Carboxylate salt
103
Q

What are the conditions of the acidic hydrolysis of a polyamide

A
  • Aqueous HCl
  • Heat under reflux
104
Q

What are the products of the acidic hydrolysis of polyamides

A
  • Dicarboxylic acids
  • Diamine salt -NH3+
105
Q

What are the conditions of the alkali hydrolysis of a polyamide

A
  • Aqueous NaOH
  • Heat under reflux
106
Q

What are the products of the alkali hydrolysis of polyamides

A
  • Dicarboxylate salt
  • Diamine
107
Q

What is formed when 2 molecules of carboxylic acids are heated together

A
  • Acid anhydride
  • Water
108
Q

Acid Anhydride + water

A

Carboxylic acids

109
Q

Acid anhydride + alcohol

A
  • Ester
  • Carboxylic acids
110
Q

Acid anhydride + ammonia

A
  • Amide
  • Carboxylic acid
111
Q

What nucleophilic addition reaction makes c-c bonds

A
  • Cyanide and carbonyl
112
Q

What nucleophilic substitution reaction makes c-c bonds

A

Cyanide and haloalkane

113
Q

What are the 2 electrophilic substitution reactions that make c-c bonds

A
  • Haloalkane, benzene and halogen carrier
  • Acyl chloride, benzene and halogen carrier

Year 2 Chemistry OCR A level (20 decks)

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