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Chemistry 30 - CLS > Organic Overview > Flashcards

Organic Overview Flashcards

all of organic

1
Q

What’s catalytic cracking

A

breaking down a large molecule into a smaller molecule using a catalyst

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2
Q

Do the melting and boiling points of alkenes increase or decrease as the carbon content increases

A

Increase

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3
Q

are hydrocarbon derivatives considered hydrocarbons

A

no because they include substances other then just hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

what do you need to ensure when choosing your parent carbon chain in an alkene or alkyne

A

that the double or triple bond is included

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5
Q

whats another way to name 1,4 - dimethylbenzene

A

para-dimethylbenzene or p-dimethylbenzene

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6
Q

what does catalytic reforming usually produce

A

a gasoline with better burning properties

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7
Q

what do intermolecular forces describe

A

the attraction one molecule has for the others surrounding it

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8
Q

what does ortho mean

A

When the two branches are beside each other on a benzene ring

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9
Q

what happens to the strength of intermolecular forces the more types of the 3 forces the molecule has

A

the strength of the intermolecular forces increases as the type of organic substance has more of the 3 forces

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10
Q

Why are cycloalkynes rare

A

because of angle stress

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11
Q

whats a tertiary/third degree alcohol

A

alcohols where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms

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12
Q

what is the requirement for a compound to be able to undergo a substitution reaction

A

It must be saturated

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13
Q

how do you view and what do you call organic compounds that contain elements other then hydrogen and carbon

A

view them as being derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing on eor more of the hydrogens to the parent molecule by other atoms or groups of atoms; they are called hydrocarbon derivatives

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14
Q

Prefix for three

A

propa

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15
Q

what makes up the functional group of an ester

A

carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen

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16
Q

what is an esterification reaction

A

the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce an ester

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17
Q

what are elimination reactions a primary source for

A

alkenes produced from either alcohols or alkyl halides

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18
Q

what makes up the functional group for a carboxylic acid

A

the addition of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an OH group

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19
Q

are alkane physical property similar to alkenes? if so why

A

Their physical properties correspond to properties of similarly sized alkanes because alkenes are also nonpolar

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20
Q

what states are pure hydrocarbons containing 18 or more carbons in

A

waxy solids

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21
Q

whats an aromatic

A

substances that consist of one or more rings that contain alternating single and double bonds in its chemical structure

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22
Q

What is the unique types of reactions that alkanes undergo

A

Substitution reactions

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23
Q

whats the prefix for flourine

A

fluoro

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24
Q

What type of bonds are present in an alkyne

A

Triple bonds

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25
Q

Why do larger alkane molecules have higher boiling points

A

The strength of the London dispersion forces increase with an increase in the number of electrons

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26
Q

are halides polar or non-polar

A

polar on the halide side of the molecule but non-polar on the hydrocarbon end

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27
Q

how many carbons can be in a carboxylic acid for it to be soluble in water

A

between 1 and 5 carbons; if the acid has 6 or more carbons it will become insoluble in water

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28
Q

what is the first member of the alkane series

A

CH4

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29
Q

whats crude oil

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons with different chain lengths

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30
Q

what states are pure hydrocarbons containing 5-17 carbons in

A

liquid

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31
Q

What’s an example of an oxide of carbon

A

CO, CO2

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32
Q

How do you name a benzene ring if an alkyl group is bonded to it

A

alkylbenzene

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33
Q

whats the prefix for bromine

A

bromo

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34
Q

What’s a full structural formula

A

When you expand on all of the hydrogen bonds

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35
Q

when are prefixes cis and trans used

A

when naming/identifying the shape of cyclic structures or structures including a double bond

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36
Q

how are alcohols prepared

A

by reacting alkenes with water

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37
Q

what do alcohols produce when they undergo elimination reactions

A

alkenes

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38
Q

How does the amount of inorganic reactants correlate to how many bonds will be broken in the hydrocarbon

A

One bond broken per one mole of the inorganic additive

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39
Q

Reagents alkenes undergo substitution with

A

Halogens

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40
Q

If a molecule is cyclo is it boiling point higher or lower

A

higher

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41
Q

What type of intermolecular forces exist between alkane molecules

A

Only London dispersion forces

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42
Q

What’s a cycloalkene

A

Ring structures containing a double bond

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43
Q

what is the general formula for a cycloalkane

A

CnH(2n)

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44
Q

whats another way to name 1,2 - dimethylbenzene

A

ortho - dimethylbenzene or
o-dimethylbenzene

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45
Q

How do number of bonds in a molecule directly affect the boiling point

A

The more bonds in the molecule the higher the boiling point

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46
Q

what are the categories of organic compounds that are poor-insoluble in water (5)

A
  • all pure hydrocarbons are insoluble
  • all alkyl halides have little to no solubility
  • alcohols with 4-6 carbons have really low solubility
  • bigger then 6 carbon alcohols are insoluble
  • carboxylic acids bigger than 4 carbons have poor solubility and become insoluble the bigger they get
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47
Q

how do you name an alcohol if there is more then 1 hydroxyl (OH) group

A

keep the parent name the same and add ‘diol’ for 2 OH groups or ‘triol’ for 3 OH groups

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48
Q

whats another name for the halide derivitive

A

organic halides or alkyl halides

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49
Q

What does the prefix of the parent name indicate

A

Number of carbon atoms in the structure

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50
Q

are alcohols soluble in water, why or why not

A

they are also soluble in water because they can hydrogen bond

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51
Q

What is the biggest bond difference between a cyclic compound and its noncyclic compound

A

The cyclic compound contains two less hydrogen atoms than the noncyclic compound with the same number of carbon atoms

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52
Q

how does the size of a halide affect its solubility

A

the larger the hydrocarbon end of the halide, the more soluble it is with a non-polar solvent

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53
Q

what does it mean when a compound is saturated

A

The carbon atoms are making the maximum amount of bonds

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54
Q

what is the strongest type of intermolecular force

A

hydrogen bonds

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55
Q

whats the prefix for iodine

A

iodo

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56
Q

whats the minimum amount of carbons needed to make a cyclic shape

A

3

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57
Q

What is cracking

A

When larger alkanes are broken into smaller parts

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58
Q

what is the general formula for a carboxylic acid

A

R-COOH where R is an alkyl group

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59
Q

what are polymers

A

very large molecules made by bonding together many smaller molecules

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60
Q

how do you name a carboxylic acid

A

select the longest carbon chain containing the carboxylic carbon and replace the final -e of the alkane name with the ending -oic acid

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61
Q

Are cyclic compound saturated

A

no

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62
Q

How are organic compounds separated into families

A

Based on their structure As well as their physical and chemical properties

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63
Q

What’s another name for refining reaction

A

Ethene cracking

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64
Q

what process is going on in a fractional tower

A

separation of different hydrocarbons based on boiling points, temperatures and condensing vapors

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65
Q

what does a homologous series mean

A

group of organic compounds that share the same functional group and have similar chemical properties, but differ by a regular, repeating unit, typically a -CH₂- group; as the series continue, each structure is getting larger

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66
Q

what gives the characteristic properties to an organic molecule

A

the attached atoms or groups

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67
Q

what is it called when water is eliminated/removed from an alcohol

A

dehydration

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68
Q

Prefix for nine

A

nona

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69
Q

what are the different types Of pure hydrocarbons

A

Aliphatics and Aromatics

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70
Q

how does a fractional distillation tower work

A

it contains trays positioned at various level. The bottom of the tower is kept hot and the temperature gradually decreases towards the top of the tower. Heated crude oil enters the tower. Hydrocarbons with the lowest boiling point travel to the top of the tower and substances with the highest boiling point stay at the bottom of the tower

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71
Q

what type of force does a molecule need to have in order to be considered polar

A

dipole-dipole forces

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72
Q

whats organic chemistry

A

chemistry of carbon containing compounds

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73
Q

Are alkanes able to undergo an addition reaction

A

no

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74
Q

what type of organic compounds are dipole-dipole induction forces and hydrogen bond forces present in

A

only present in hydrocarbon derivitives

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75
Q

how many parts of a diatomic halogen are substituted during a substituion reaction

A

one

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76
Q

how do you name benzene if there is a branch on the attached hydrocarbon chain or a double/triple bond is present

A

benzene then becomes named as a branch and is called ‘phenyl’

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77
Q

what happens during dehydrohalogenation

A

a hydrogen and halogen atom from adjacent carbon atoms are eliminated

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78
Q

what the biggest difference between addition and condensation polymers

A

addition polymers dont produce any products, condensation polymers do produce by products

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79
Q

where on the periodic table are the electronegativity’s located

A

right underneath the atomic number

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80
Q

what is the product of a substituiton reaction

A

a small inorganic product

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81
Q

what will pure hydrocarbons dissolve in

A

other liquid pure hydrocarbons

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82
Q

how is a condensation polymer formed and what do they produce

A

formed when two monomers are joined with the simultaneous elimination of a small molecule; often form water as a by product

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83
Q

whats another way to name 1,3 - dimethylbenzene

A

meta-dimethylbenzene or m-dimethylbenzene

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84
Q

what makes up the functional group for a halide

A

F, Cl, Br, I

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85
Q

assuming there isnt a double or triple bond present, where do you add the name of the alcohol

A

to the end of the parent/main name

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86
Q

are alkene saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

unsaturated because of their double bond

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87
Q

what happens to london dispersion forces as atoms get larger

A

the forces get stronger/larger

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88
Q

what does ‘cis’ mean

A

when the branches/groups are located on the same side of the structure

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89
Q

why is the alkane series considered homologous

A

Because the sequence of molecules have similar structures but differ in the number of repeating units

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90
Q

whats a binary molecular compound

A

compound with 2 different elements

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91
Q

how is the amount of stress on a structure affected by the number of bonds present

A

the more bonds present, the more stressed the structure is

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92
Q

what two groups are organic compounds composed of

A

a hydrocarbon part (R for aliphatic or Ar for aromatic) and one or more functional groups

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93
Q

What a substitution reaction

A

When a halogen atom may be substituted for a hydrogen atom in a straight or branched carbon chain

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94
Q

are carboxylic acids polar or non-polar

A

polar

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95
Q

list the halides in order of highest intermolecular forces to lowest intermolecular forces

A

iodides, bromides, chlorides, flourides

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96
Q

what happens to melting/boiling points the stronger the intermolecular forces present are

A

the stronger the forces are, the more energy it takes to break them apart making their melting/boiling/breaking point higher

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97
Q

what type of reaction can specifically alkyl halides undergo

A

an elimination reaction alled dehydrohalogenation

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98
Q

whats functional group do alcohols contain

A

minimum of 1 hydroxyl (OH) group

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99
Q

what is the most reactive type of hydrocarbon

A

alkynes

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100
Q

how do you name an ester

A

name the alkyl group from the alcohol first the replace the -ic ending of the carboxylic acid with the ending -ate to form the second part of the esters name

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101
Q

what are halides soluble with

A

polar and non-polar hydrocarbons

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102
Q

what do branches do to the strength of intermolecular forces

A

they make them weaker

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103
Q

What types of substances do alkenes and alkynes undergo addition reactions with

A

Hydrogen, hydrogen halides, water and the halogens

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104
Q

what reactions can alcohols undergo

A

both types of combustion and elimination reactions

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105
Q

what are esters responsible for

A

many of the characteristic tastes and odours of our foods

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106
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

method used to separate hydrocarbons into different fractions based on boiling points

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107
Q

What is the general rule regarding solubility and polarity

A

The longer the parent carbon chain is the lower its solubility and the less polar it will be

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108
Q

do cyclo shapes have lower or higher boiling points in their corresponding straight chain shape

A

Higher boiling points because they are more dense

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109
Q

whats the first member of the alkene series

A

C2H4

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110
Q

How is cracking accomplished

A

At high temperatures in the absence of air or by using catalysts

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111
Q

what happens to the polarity of a hydrocarbon derivative as it gets larger

A

the larger the molecule, the less polar it is

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112
Q

Prefix for four

A

buta

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113
Q

when do hydrogen bonds occur

A

when a hydrogon bonds to an extremely electronegative atom which then causes bery strong polar opposite areas in the molecule that border on almost being ionic in strength

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114
Q

list the halides in order of highest boiling/melting points to lowest boiling/melting points

A

iodides, bromides, chlorides, flourides

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115
Q

what happens in elimination reactions involving an alcohol

A

the elimination of atoms or groups of atoms from adjacent carbon atoms in an organic molecule`

116
Q

do the bi-products of a condensation polymer have a bigger or smaller mass

A

they will have a reduced/smaller mass

117
Q

Do larger alkane molecules have higher or lower boiling points

A

Higher

118
Q

what Do you assume if the name does not indicate where the double/triple bond is in alkene or alkyne

A

that it is located between the first and second carbon atoms`

119
Q

what does nitro mean and how is it added to a hydrocarbon

A

nitro refers to the compound NO2 which can be added onto a hydrocarbon as a whole

120
Q

How does polarity directly affect boiling points

A

The more polar a molecule is the higher its boiling point will be

121
Q

Prefix for seven

A

hepta

122
Q

Prefix for six

A

hexa

123
Q

When do you get an unsaturated organic compound

A

Whenever there are double or triple bonds present

124
Q

what does cyclic mean

A

A closed structure

125
Q

what does ‘trans’ mean

A

when branches/groups are located on opposite/different sides of the structure

126
Q

is Benzene polar or nonpolar

A

non-polar

127
Q

whats alkylation

A

process used to increase the quality of gasoline by increasing the branching/isomerization of the molecule

128
Q

whats the opposite of cracking

A

reformation

129
Q

which carbon containing compounds are classified as inorganic

A

Oxides of carbon, carbonates and bicarbonates, carbides, cyanides

130
Q

where on the hydrocarbon chain are carboxylic acids always located

A

on the very end of the hydrocarbon structure

131
Q

What happens as the number of cardamom atoms in a molecule increases

A

The number of possible structural formulas for that molecule also increases

132
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, solid carbon and water vapor or any combination of these

133
Q

What is the most reactive category of pure hydrocarbons

A

the alkynes

134
Q

Where do addition reactions occur

A

At the double or triple bond

135
Q

whats reformation

A

taking smaller molecules and putting them together to form larger molecules

136
Q

what are the two main ways alkyl halides can be produced

A
  • by adding halogens or hydrogen halides to alkenes or alkynes
  • by substitution reactions
137
Q

what affects the size/strength of intermolecular bonds

A

the difference in the electronegativity’s of the atoms

138
Q

Prefix for two

A

etha

139
Q

what are esters

A

compounds that contain two hydrocarbon units (alkyl groups) separated by the ester functional group

140
Q

are carboxylic acids soluble in water

A

yes but they become less soluble as the number of carbons increase

141
Q

what do u do if there are several branches

A

List them in alphabetical order not considering any prefixes for the same kind of branches

142
Q

How many sites can alkynes undergo an addition reaction at in a two step reaction

A

4

143
Q

what atoms cause hydrogen bonds when bonded with hydrogen

A

nitrogen, oxygen and flourine

144
Q

how do you specify where the double/triple bond is in alkene or alkyne

A

double/triple bond takes priority over branch name and needs to be given the lowest number so you start counting from the end of the parent carbon chain closest to the double bond`

145
Q

what state are acids at room temperature

A

if they contain up to 10 carbons then they are liquid at room temperature

146
Q

do alkynes do complete and incomplete combustion

A

yes

147
Q

what charges are repulsive to each other

A

same charges cause repulsion (+ to + and - to -)

148
Q

What does para mean

A

When there are two spots in between two branches on a benzene ring/two branches are on opposite sides of the ring

149
Q

Prefix for 10

A

deca

150
Q

whats an aromatic

A

Organic compound that contains the benzene ring or structure similar to a benzene ring

151
Q

What happens during a substitution reaction

A

A hydrogen comes off of the hydrocarbon and is replaced with one part of the diatomic halogen. Then the excess hydrogen goes to form a compound with the leftover halogen

152
Q

whats a primary/first degree alcohol

A

alcohols where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to only one other carbon atom

153
Q

What types of reactions will all cycloalkanes undergo

A

Combustion and substitution reactions

154
Q

what causes london dispersion forces

A

electrons moving around their typical electron orbital shapes, sometimes grouping in small areas for a split second that results in slightly stronger negative power areas momentarily

155
Q

What is the main type of reaction that alkynes undergo

A

addition

156
Q

what are the 3 types of homologous series

A

alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

157
Q

What forms roughly ninety percent of Natural gas

A

Methane

158
Q

Is the product of a substitution reaction a hydrocarbon or not

A

No because it contains an element other than carbon and hydrogen

159
Q

What are alkanes classified as and why

A

Saturated hydrocarbons because they only have single bonds between the carbon atoms so each carbon is bonded to a maximum number of hydrogen atoms

160
Q

Our compounds containing CN- considered to be organic

A

no

161
Q

why do cyclo hydrocarbons have higher LDFs then straight chain hydrocarbons

A

because they are flatter

162
Q

how do you name organic halides

A

follow the same rules for branched hydrocarbons using the prefixes associated with the specific halogen thats added

163
Q

How do you draw a benzene ring

A

Either a six sided closed shape with a circle in the centre or a six sided closed shape with a second line on every second side

164
Q

How do the physical properties of alkyne to relate to those of alkanes and alkenes

A

They are similar and follow the same trends as alkanes and alkenes of similar size

165
Q

Is ethene cracking a true cracking reaction

A

no

166
Q

what makes up the functional group for an alcohol

A

the addition of an -OH group

167
Q

what does m stand for in classical nomenclature

A

meta

168
Q

How do you separate branch locations for different types of branches

A

(-)

169
Q

are the boiling points of carboxylic acids higher or lower then other organic compounds and why

A

higher then hydrocarbons, organic halides or alcohols with the same number of carbons because they can form hydrogen bonds with each other

170
Q

What are the products of complete combustion

A

Carbon dioxide gas and water vapor

171
Q

Are alkane molecules polar or nonpolar

A

Nonpolar

172
Q

what do the terms ‘cis’ and ‘trans’ refer to

A

refers to the spatial arrangement of groups around a double bond or ring structure

173
Q

list the hydrocarbon derivitives and pure hydrocarbons in order of strongest to weakest intermolecular forces **

A

carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters, alkyl halides, cycloalkynes, alkynes, cycloalkenes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, alkanes

174
Q

Does benzene undergo substitution or addition reactions

A

Substitution

175
Q

What are cyclical alkanes and alkenes also described as

A

Alicyclic hydrocarbons

176
Q

if the location of the alcohol isnt specified in the name, where do you assume its positioned

A

at the end of the main hydrocarbon chain

177
Q

What does it mean when a compound is unsaturated

A

The carbon atoms are not making their maximum amount of bonds

178
Q

how do organic halides form

A

when one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by halogen atoms

179
Q

when do primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols exist

A

when the alcohol has four or more carbons

180
Q

what are the 3 main intermolecular force trends

A
  • the more of the 3 types of forces a molecule has the stronger the forces are
  • LD forces get stronger the larger thr molecules are with more atoms
  • LD forces are stronger the larger the atom is with more electron orbitals
181
Q

What does the suffix of the parent name indicate

A

The family name

182
Q

Prefix for 8

A

octa

183
Q

whats the chemical formula for benzene

A

C6H6

184
Q

whats a condensed formula

A

when you don’t expand on the hydrogen bonds

185
Q

Our alkanes reactive or unreactive and why

A

Relatively unreactive because they are very stable

186
Q

What’s hydrogenation

A

the addition of H2

187
Q

What is anything attached to the parent chain called

A

An alkyl branch

188
Q

What are the steps for naming an alkane

A
  1. count the carbons to find the longest continuous chain
  2. identify any branches and their locations on the carbon chain
189
Q

what are the 2 types of polymers

A

addition polymers and condensation polymers

190
Q

Are alkanes soluble in polar solvent such as water

A

no

191
Q

What makes a hydrocarbon unsaturated

A

It has at least one double or triple carbon - carbon bond

192
Q

What happens to melting and boiling points when intermolecular bonds are stronger

A

More energy is required to overcome these bonds and vaporize the compound making the boiling and melting points higher

193
Q

when is solid carbon produced

A

when you just use heat in a cracking reaction

194
Q

where does the ali in alicyclic come from

A

aliphatic

195
Q

do alkanes undergo single or double replacement

A

single replacementd

196
Q

what causes dipole-dipole forces

A

when bond dipoles and molecular shapes result in one area of the molecule having a relatively weak positive polarity and another area in the same molecule have the opposite weak negative area

197
Q

what is the name of the one aromatic alcohol we need to know

A

hydroxylbenzene or phenol

198
Q

how do you determine the numbering for special features such as a hydroxyl grop

A

they are given priority, unless there is a double or triple bond, and therefore you start numbering closest to that special feature so that it is given the lowest number possible

199
Q

How many bonds can each carbon atom make

A

4

200
Q

what is the general rule regarding wether or not a hydrocarbon derivative will dissolve in water

A

1-3 carbons will dissolve in water, anymore then 3 will have a very low solubility or be insoluble

201
Q

It’s ammonium by itself considered organic

A

no

202
Q

how do you name an alcohol

A

by dropping the final e from the hydrocarbon name and adding the suffix ‘ol’

203
Q

whats a cyclical hydrocarbon

A

When the carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon bond to each other to form a ring of carbon atoms

204
Q

how are esters commonly produced

A

by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst

205
Q

What is one of the biggest resources in the plastics industry

A

Ethene

206
Q

What are the three possible isomers when two branches are attached to a benzene ring

A

branches on spots 1 and 2
branches on spots 1 and 3
branches on spots 1 and 4

207
Q

what are the 6 functional groups

A

alkenes, alkynes, halides, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters

208
Q

What’s hydrocracking

A

A combination of catalytic cracking and hydrogenation where no carbon is formed

209
Q

what does the inclusion of prefixes cis and trans in the name of a compound do

A

they help specify where the branches will be located on an alkene or cyclic structure

210
Q

What’s the general formula for an alkane

A

CnH(2n+2)

211
Q

are all compounds containing carbon organic

A

no, all organic compounds contain carbon but not all carbon containing compounds are organic

212
Q

what type of force do non-polar molecules have

A

only london dispersion forces

213
Q

are the melting and boiling points of alcohols higher or lower than those of their corresponding hydrocarbons and why

A

much higher because of hydrogen bonding thats causing an increase in the strength of their intermolecular bonds/forces

214
Q

what is catalytic reforming

A

chemical process involved in converting molecules in gasoline fraction into aromatic gasoline molecules

215
Q

what family is the halogens

A

family 17 (right before the noble gases/second to last column from end of the table)

216
Q

How are alkenes produced

A

by the catalytic cracking of alkanes

217
Q

what is the benzene ring called when you consider it as a branch attached to the longest carbon parent chain

A

phenyl

218
Q

what forces do all hydrocarbon derivatives have present

A

london dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces

219
Q

What’s a molecular/empirical formula

A

regular chemical formulas (ex. C4H10)

220
Q

What is the main structural feature in aromatic compounds

A

The benzene ring

221
Q

how Do you do to separate branch locations for the same type of branch

A

(,)

222
Q

how do you name a polymer

A

poly + name of the monomer

223
Q

are cyclo shapes more or less reactive then their corresponding straight chain structure and why

A

more reactive due to angle stress

224
Q

are organic acids strong or weak

A

all organic acids are considered to be weak acids

225
Q

does compound CH2 exist, why or why not

A

no it does not exist because carbons bonding capacity is not satisfied (still has 2 open spots)

226
Q

how are addition polymers formed and what do they produce

A

formed by the direct linking together of the monomer units; they form no products

227
Q

are alkene polar or nonpolar

A

Nonpolar

228
Q

what state are hydrocarbons in

A

liquid state up to 16 hydrocarbons

229
Q

whats a secondary/second degree alcohol

A

alcohols where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to 2 other carbon atoms

230
Q

what does p stand for in classical nomenclature

A

para

231
Q

what are the 2 substances that can undergo a substitution reaction

A

alkanes and benzene ring

232
Q

How do you name aromatic hydrocarbons

A

The same as aliphatic hydrocarbons were benzene is generally taken to be the parent name in the attached groups are named as before

233
Q

what’s the suffix for naming branches

A

-yl

234
Q

What’s the most common type of substitution that alkanes undergo

A

Mono substitution when only one halogen atom substitutes for one hydrogen atom and each alkane molecule

235
Q

how do you name alcohols when a double or triple bond is present

A

the double or triple bond takes priority over the alcohol so it goes on the end of the parent name and the alcohol is named as a branch ending in ‘oxy’ or ‘oxyl’ instead of the usual -yl

236
Q

what charges are attracted to each other

A

opposites attract (+ to -)

237
Q

what is esterification an example of

A

a type of condensation polymerization

238
Q

what is The main source of hydrocarbons

A

Petroleum

239
Q

do alkenes undergo single or double replacement

A

double replacement

240
Q

What family or series is a hydrocarbon a member of if it has a double carbon bond

A

the alkene series/family

241
Q

The general formula for members of the alkene series

A

CnH(2n)

242
Q

How does size of a molecule directly affect the boiling point

A

More chemicals in the molecule the higher the boiling point

243
Q

what are the different types of aliphatic compounds

A

Alkanes, alkynes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes

244
Q

What does the root of an organic name indicate

A

the number of carbon atoms in the compound

245
Q

how do you determine the location of branches on the parent chain

A

start counting the carbons from the end closest to the first branch in order to give the branch locations the lowest possible number

246
Q

what do you do if theres more then one alcohol degree

A

take the highest degree

247
Q

What is the common chemical reaction that alkene’s undergo

A

The addition reaction

248
Q

What state is benzene at room temperature

A

Liquid

249
Q

what is the weakest type of intermolecular force

A

london dispersion forces

250
Q

what are the 4 types of hydrocarbon derivitives

A

halides, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters

251
Q

What substances can be used to cause an addition reaction with a hydrocarbon

A

Diatomic halogens or hydrogen halides

252
Q

Do alkenes undergo a complete and incomplete combustion reactions

A

Yes

253
Q

what states are pure hydrocarbons containing 1-4 carbons in

A

gases

254
Q

are large alcohols more or less soluble in non-polar solvents

A

more soluble because their hydrocarbon side is larger making the alcohol less polar

255
Q

What are aromatic compounds

A

Benzene and compounds containing a benzene ring

256
Q

The requirement for a compound to be able to undergo an addition reaction

A

It must be unsaturated

257
Q

what does hydroxylbenzene or phenol look like

A

a benzene ring with one OH branch attached

258
Q

what type of forces are present in every pure hydrocarbon

A

only london dispersion forces

259
Q

Is the general formula of an alkyne

A

CnH(2n-2)

260
Q

Do alkanes have relatively low melting and boiling points or relatively high melting and boiling points in comparison to other compounds of similar molar mass

A

Relatively low melting and boiling points**

261
Q

What is thermo cracking

A

breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules using only high temperatures

262
Q

is the benzene ring reactive

A

no, its very stable because of its delocalized electron sharing

263
Q

what are the main chemical properties of a carboxylic acid

A

neutralize bases, react with active metals to produce H2(g), react with alcohols to produce esters

264
Q

what happens to solubililty as the hydrocarbon end of an alcohol increases

A

their solubility in water decreases

265
Q

what is the general formula for a cycloalkene

A

CnH(2n-2)

266
Q

are the areas of attraction in a dipole-dipole force permanent or temporary

A

permanent

267
Q

What is benzene soluble with and what has benzene not soluble with

A

It’s not soluble with water but it is soluble with other non polar organic solvents

268
Q

what are alkanes good solvents for

A

Other nonpolar hydrocarbons

269
Q

what does catalytic reforming do

A

converts low grade gasoline (low octane rating) to a higher grade gasoline (higher octane rating)

270
Q

What’s a structural isomer

A

Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

271
Q

what makes up the functional group for an alkyne

A

a carbon triple bonded to another carbon

272
Q

Prefix for five

A

penta

273
Q

whats the general formula of an alcohol

A

R-OH

274
Q

Prefix for one

A

metha

275
Q

how are straight chain alkanes named

A

The same way as alkanes with the exception of the suffix and the specification of the double bond location

276
Q

what are the 3 types of intermolecular forces

A

london dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bond forces

277
Q

what are monomers

A

smaller molecules that get bonded together to form a polymer

278
Q

what is the general formula for an ester

A

R-C(double bonded to O and single bonded to O) - R1

279
Q

What is the first member of the Alkyne series

A

C2H2

280
Q

what does o stand for in classical nomenclature

A

ortho

281
Q

what makes up the functional group for an alkene

A

a carbon double bonded to another carbon

282
Q

What types of combustion do alkanes undergo

A

Complete and incomplete combustion

283
Q

What does meta mean

A

When there is one spot in between two branches on a benzene ring

284
Q

Do alliphatic hydrocarbons include

A

the alkane, alkene, and alkyne series

285
Q

Are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes and why

A

More reactive because they are unsaturated

286
Q

whats the prefix for chlorine

A

chloro

287
Q

whats the most common by-product of a condensation polymer

A

water

Chemistry 30 - CLS (15 decks)

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