Organic Overview Flashcards
all of organic
What’s catalytic cracking
breaking down a large molecule into a smaller molecule using a catalyst
Do the melting and boiling points of alkenes increase or decrease as the carbon content increases
Increase
are hydrocarbon derivatives considered hydrocarbons
no because they include substances other then just hydrogen and carbon
what do you need to ensure when choosing your parent carbon chain in an alkene or alkyne
that the double or triple bond is included
whats another way to name 1,4 - dimethylbenzene
para-dimethylbenzene or p-dimethylbenzene
what does catalytic reforming usually produce
a gasoline with better burning properties
what do intermolecular forces describe
the attraction one molecule has for the others surrounding it
what does ortho mean
When the two branches are beside each other on a benzene ring
what happens to the strength of intermolecular forces the more types of the 3 forces the molecule has
the strength of the intermolecular forces increases as the type of organic substance has more of the 3 forces
Why are cycloalkynes rare
because of angle stress
whats a tertiary/third degree alcohol
alcohols where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms
what is the requirement for a compound to be able to undergo a substitution reaction
It must be saturated
how do you view and what do you call organic compounds that contain elements other then hydrogen and carbon
view them as being derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing on eor more of the hydrogens to the parent molecule by other atoms or groups of atoms; they are called hydrocarbon derivatives
Prefix for three
propa
what makes up the functional group of an ester
carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen
what is an esterification reaction
the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce an ester
what are elimination reactions a primary source for
alkenes produced from either alcohols or alkyl halides
what makes up the functional group for a carboxylic acid
the addition of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an OH group
are alkane physical property similar to alkenes? if so why
Their physical properties correspond to properties of similarly sized alkanes because alkenes are also nonpolar
what states are pure hydrocarbons containing 18 or more carbons in
waxy solids
whats an aromatic
substances that consist of one or more rings that contain alternating single and double bonds in its chemical structure
What is the unique types of reactions that alkanes undergo
Substitution reactions
whats the prefix for flourine
fluoro
What type of bonds are present in an alkyne
Triple bonds
Why do larger alkane molecules have higher boiling points
The strength of the London dispersion forces increase with an increase in the number of electrons
are halides polar or non-polar
polar on the halide side of the molecule but non-polar on the hydrocarbon end
how many carbons can be in a carboxylic acid for it to be soluble in water
between 1 and 5 carbons; if the acid has 6 or more carbons it will become insoluble in water
what is the first member of the alkane series
CH4
whats crude oil
a mixture of hydrocarbons with different chain lengths
what states are pure hydrocarbons containing 5-17 carbons in
liquid
What’s an example of an oxide of carbon
CO, CO2
How do you name a benzene ring if an alkyl group is bonded to it
alkylbenzene
whats the prefix for bromine
bromo
What’s a full structural formula
When you expand on all of the hydrogen bonds
when are prefixes cis and trans used
when naming/identifying the shape of cyclic structures or structures including a double bond
how are alcohols prepared
by reacting alkenes with water
what do alcohols produce when they undergo elimination reactions
alkenes
How does the amount of inorganic reactants correlate to how many bonds will be broken in the hydrocarbon
One bond broken per one mole of the inorganic additive
Reagents alkenes undergo substitution with
Halogens
If a molecule is cyclo is it boiling point higher or lower
higher
What type of intermolecular forces exist between alkane molecules
Only London dispersion forces
What’s a cycloalkene
Ring structures containing a double bond
what is the general formula for a cycloalkane
CnH(2n)
whats another way to name 1,2 - dimethylbenzene
ortho - dimethylbenzene or
o-dimethylbenzene
How do number of bonds in a molecule directly affect the boiling point
The more bonds in the molecule the higher the boiling point
what are the categories of organic compounds that are poor-insoluble in water (5)
- all pure hydrocarbons are insoluble
- all alkyl halides have little to no solubility
- alcohols with 4-6 carbons have really low solubility
- bigger then 6 carbon alcohols are insoluble
- carboxylic acids bigger than 4 carbons have poor solubility and become insoluble the bigger they get
how do you name an alcohol if there is more then 1 hydroxyl (OH) group
keep the parent name the same and add ‘diol’ for 2 OH groups or ‘triol’ for 3 OH groups
whats another name for the halide derivitive
organic halides or alkyl halides
What does the prefix of the parent name indicate
Number of carbon atoms in the structure
are alcohols soluble in water, why or why not
they are also soluble in water because they can hydrogen bond
What is the biggest bond difference between a cyclic compound and its noncyclic compound
The cyclic compound contains two less hydrogen atoms than the noncyclic compound with the same number of carbon atoms
how does the size of a halide affect its solubility
the larger the hydrocarbon end of the halide, the more soluble it is with a non-polar solvent
what does it mean when a compound is saturated
The carbon atoms are making the maximum amount of bonds
what is the strongest type of intermolecular force
hydrogen bonds
whats the prefix for iodine
iodo
whats the minimum amount of carbons needed to make a cyclic shape
3
What is cracking
When larger alkanes are broken into smaller parts
what is the general formula for a carboxylic acid
R-COOH where R is an alkyl group
what are polymers
very large molecules made by bonding together many smaller molecules
how do you name a carboxylic acid
select the longest carbon chain containing the carboxylic carbon and replace the final -e of the alkane name with the ending -oic acid
Are cyclic compound saturated
no
How are organic compounds separated into families
Based on their structure As well as their physical and chemical properties
What’s another name for refining reaction
Ethene cracking
what process is going on in a fractional tower
separation of different hydrocarbons based on boiling points, temperatures and condensing vapors
what does a homologous series mean
group of organic compounds that share the same functional group and have similar chemical properties, but differ by a regular, repeating unit, typically a -CH₂- group; as the series continue, each structure is getting larger
what gives the characteristic properties to an organic molecule
the attached atoms or groups
what is it called when water is eliminated/removed from an alcohol
dehydration
Prefix for nine
nona
what are the different types Of pure hydrocarbons
Aliphatics and Aromatics
how does a fractional distillation tower work
it contains trays positioned at various level. The bottom of the tower is kept hot and the temperature gradually decreases towards the top of the tower. Heated crude oil enters the tower. Hydrocarbons with the lowest boiling point travel to the top of the tower and substances with the highest boiling point stay at the bottom of the tower
what type of force does a molecule need to have in order to be considered polar
dipole-dipole forces
whats organic chemistry
chemistry of carbon containing compounds
Are alkanes able to undergo an addition reaction
no
what type of organic compounds are dipole-dipole induction forces and hydrogen bond forces present in
only present in hydrocarbon derivitives
how many parts of a diatomic halogen are substituted during a substituion reaction
one
how do you name benzene if there is a branch on the attached hydrocarbon chain or a double/triple bond is present
benzene then becomes named as a branch and is called ‘phenyl’
what happens during dehydrohalogenation
a hydrogen and halogen atom from adjacent carbon atoms are eliminated
what the biggest difference between addition and condensation polymers
addition polymers dont produce any products, condensation polymers do produce by products
where on the periodic table are the electronegativity’s located
right underneath the atomic number
what is the product of a substituiton reaction
a small inorganic product
what will pure hydrocarbons dissolve in
other liquid pure hydrocarbons
how is a condensation polymer formed and what do they produce
formed when two monomers are joined with the simultaneous elimination of a small molecule; often form water as a by product
whats another way to name 1,3 - dimethylbenzene
meta-dimethylbenzene or m-dimethylbenzene
what makes up the functional group for a halide
F, Cl, Br, I
assuming there isnt a double or triple bond present, where do you add the name of the alcohol
to the end of the parent/main name
are alkene saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons
unsaturated because of their double bond
what happens to london dispersion forces as atoms get larger
the forces get stronger/larger
what does ‘cis’ mean
when the branches/groups are located on the same side of the structure
why is the alkane series considered homologous
Because the sequence of molecules have similar structures but differ in the number of repeating units
whats a binary molecular compound
compound with 2 different elements
how is the amount of stress on a structure affected by the number of bonds present
the more bonds present, the more stressed the structure is
what two groups are organic compounds composed of
a hydrocarbon part (R for aliphatic or Ar for aromatic) and one or more functional groups
What a substitution reaction
When a halogen atom may be substituted for a hydrogen atom in a straight or branched carbon chain
are carboxylic acids polar or non-polar
polar
list the halides in order of highest intermolecular forces to lowest intermolecular forces
iodides, bromides, chlorides, flourides
what happens to melting/boiling points the stronger the intermolecular forces present are
the stronger the forces are, the more energy it takes to break them apart making their melting/boiling/breaking point higher
what type of reaction can specifically alkyl halides undergo
an elimination reaction alled dehydrohalogenation
whats functional group do alcohols contain
minimum of 1 hydroxyl (OH) group
what is the most reactive type of hydrocarbon
alkynes
how do you name an ester
name the alkyl group from the alcohol first the replace the -ic ending of the carboxylic acid with the ending -ate to form the second part of the esters name
what are halides soluble with
polar and non-polar hydrocarbons
what do branches do to the strength of intermolecular forces
they make them weaker
What types of substances do alkenes and alkynes undergo addition reactions with
Hydrogen, hydrogen halides, water and the halogens
what reactions can alcohols undergo
both types of combustion and elimination reactions
what are esters responsible for
many of the characteristic tastes and odours of our foods
what is fractional distillation
method used to separate hydrocarbons into different fractions based on boiling points
What is the general rule regarding solubility and polarity
The longer the parent carbon chain is the lower its solubility and the less polar it will be
do cyclo shapes have lower or higher boiling points in their corresponding straight chain shape
Higher boiling points because they are more dense
whats the first member of the alkene series
C2H4
How is cracking accomplished
At high temperatures in the absence of air or by using catalysts
what happens to the polarity of a hydrocarbon derivative as it gets larger
the larger the molecule, the less polar it is
Prefix for four
buta
when do hydrogen bonds occur
when a hydrogon bonds to an extremely electronegative atom which then causes bery strong polar opposite areas in the molecule that border on almost being ionic in strength
list the halides in order of highest boiling/melting points to lowest boiling/melting points
iodides, bromides, chlorides, flourides
what happens in elimination reactions involving an alcohol
the elimination of atoms or groups of atoms from adjacent carbon atoms in an organic molecule`
do the bi-products of a condensation polymer have a bigger or smaller mass
they will have a reduced/smaller mass
Do larger alkane molecules have higher or lower boiling points
Higher
what Do you assume if the name does not indicate where the double/triple bond is in alkene or alkyne
that it is located between the first and second carbon atoms`
what does nitro mean and how is it added to a hydrocarbon
nitro refers to the compound NO2 which can be added onto a hydrocarbon as a whole
How does polarity directly affect boiling points
The more polar a molecule is the higher its boiling point will be
Prefix for seven
hepta
Prefix for six
hexa
When do you get an unsaturated organic compound
Whenever there are double or triple bonds present
what does cyclic mean
A closed structure
what does ‘trans’ mean
when branches/groups are located on opposite/different sides of the structure
is Benzene polar or nonpolar
non-polar
whats alkylation
process used to increase the quality of gasoline by increasing the branching/isomerization of the molecule
whats the opposite of cracking
reformation
which carbon containing compounds are classified as inorganic
Oxides of carbon, carbonates and bicarbonates, carbides, cyanides
where on the hydrocarbon chain are carboxylic acids always located
on the very end of the hydrocarbon structure
What happens as the number of cardamom atoms in a molecule increases
The number of possible structural formulas for that molecule also increases
What are the products of incomplete combustion
Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, solid carbon and water vapor or any combination of these
What is the most reactive category of pure hydrocarbons
the alkynes
Where do addition reactions occur
At the double or triple bond
whats reformation
taking smaller molecules and putting them together to form larger molecules
what are the two main ways alkyl halides can be produced
- by adding halogens or hydrogen halides to alkenes or alkynes
- by substitution reactions
what affects the size/strength of intermolecular bonds
the difference in the electronegativity’s of the atoms
Prefix for two
etha
what are esters
compounds that contain two hydrocarbon units (alkyl groups) separated by the ester functional group
are carboxylic acids soluble in water
yes but they become less soluble as the number of carbons increase
what do u do if there are several branches
List them in alphabetical order not considering any prefixes for the same kind of branches
How many sites can alkynes undergo an addition reaction at in a two step reaction
4
what atoms cause hydrogen bonds when bonded with hydrogen
nitrogen, oxygen and flourine
how do you specify where the double/triple bond is in alkene or alkyne
double/triple bond takes priority over branch name and needs to be given the lowest number so you start counting from the end of the parent carbon chain closest to the double bond`
what state are acids at room temperature
if they contain up to 10 carbons then they are liquid at room temperature
do alkynes do complete and incomplete combustion
yes
what charges are repulsive to each other
same charges cause repulsion (+ to + and - to -)
What does para mean
When there are two spots in between two branches on a benzene ring/two branches are on opposite sides of the ring
Prefix for 10
deca
whats an aromatic
Organic compound that contains the benzene ring or structure similar to a benzene ring
What happens during a substitution reaction
A hydrogen comes off of the hydrocarbon and is replaced with one part of the diatomic halogen. Then the excess hydrogen goes to form a compound with the leftover halogen
whats a primary/first degree alcohol
alcohols where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to only one other carbon atom
What types of reactions will all cycloalkanes undergo
Combustion and substitution reactions
what causes london dispersion forces
electrons moving around their typical electron orbital shapes, sometimes grouping in small areas for a split second that results in slightly stronger negative power areas momentarily
What is the main type of reaction that alkynes undergo
addition
what are the 3 types of homologous series
alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
What forms roughly ninety percent of Natural gas
Methane
Is the product of a substitution reaction a hydrocarbon or not
No because it contains an element other than carbon and hydrogen
What are alkanes classified as and why
Saturated hydrocarbons because they only have single bonds between the carbon atoms so each carbon is bonded to a maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Our compounds containing CN- considered to be organic
no
why do cyclo hydrocarbons have higher LDFs then straight chain hydrocarbons
because they are flatter
how do you name organic halides
follow the same rules for branched hydrocarbons using the prefixes associated with the specific halogen thats added
How do you draw a benzene ring
Either a six sided closed shape with a circle in the centre or a six sided closed shape with a second line on every second side
How do the physical properties of alkyne to relate to those of alkanes and alkenes
They are similar and follow the same trends as alkanes and alkenes of similar size
Is ethene cracking a true cracking reaction
no
what makes up the functional group for an alcohol
the addition of an -OH group
what does m stand for in classical nomenclature
meta
How do you separate branch locations for different types of branches
(-)
are the boiling points of carboxylic acids higher or lower then other organic compounds and why
higher then hydrocarbons, organic halides or alcohols with the same number of carbons because they can form hydrogen bonds with each other
What are the products of complete combustion
Carbon dioxide gas and water vapor
Are alkane molecules polar or nonpolar
Nonpolar
what do the terms ‘cis’ and ‘trans’ refer to
refers to the spatial arrangement of groups around a double bond or ring structure
list the hydrocarbon derivitives and pure hydrocarbons in order of strongest to weakest intermolecular forces **
carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters, alkyl halides, cycloalkynes, alkynes, cycloalkenes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, alkanes
Does benzene undergo substitution or addition reactions
Substitution
What are cyclical alkanes and alkenes also described as
Alicyclic hydrocarbons
if the location of the alcohol isnt specified in the name, where do you assume its positioned
at the end of the main hydrocarbon chain
What does it mean when a compound is unsaturated
The carbon atoms are not making their maximum amount of bonds
how do organic halides form
when one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by halogen atoms
when do primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols exist
when the alcohol has four or more carbons
what are the 3 main intermolecular force trends
- the more of the 3 types of forces a molecule has the stronger the forces are
- LD forces get stronger the larger thr molecules are with more atoms
- LD forces are stronger the larger the atom is with more electron orbitals
What does the suffix of the parent name indicate
The family name
Prefix for 8
octa
whats the chemical formula for benzene
C6H6
whats a condensed formula
when you don’t expand on the hydrogen bonds
Our alkanes reactive or unreactive and why
Relatively unreactive because they are very stable
What’s hydrogenation
the addition of H2
What is anything attached to the parent chain called
An alkyl branch
What are the steps for naming an alkane
- count the carbons to find the longest continuous chain
- identify any branches and their locations on the carbon chain
what are the 2 types of polymers
addition polymers and condensation polymers
Are alkanes soluble in polar solvent such as water
no
What makes a hydrocarbon unsaturated
It has at least one double or triple carbon - carbon bond
What happens to melting and boiling points when intermolecular bonds are stronger
More energy is required to overcome these bonds and vaporize the compound making the boiling and melting points higher
when is solid carbon produced
when you just use heat in a cracking reaction
where does the ali in alicyclic come from
aliphatic
do alkanes undergo single or double replacement
single replacementd
what causes dipole-dipole forces
when bond dipoles and molecular shapes result in one area of the molecule having a relatively weak positive polarity and another area in the same molecule have the opposite weak negative area
what is the name of the one aromatic alcohol we need to know
hydroxylbenzene or phenol
how do you determine the numbering for special features such as a hydroxyl grop
they are given priority, unless there is a double or triple bond, and therefore you start numbering closest to that special feature so that it is given the lowest number possible
How many bonds can each carbon atom make
4
what is the general rule regarding wether or not a hydrocarbon derivative will dissolve in water
1-3 carbons will dissolve in water, anymore then 3 will have a very low solubility or be insoluble
It’s ammonium by itself considered organic
no
how do you name an alcohol
by dropping the final e from the hydrocarbon name and adding the suffix ‘ol’
whats a cyclical hydrocarbon
When the carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon bond to each other to form a ring of carbon atoms
how are esters commonly produced
by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst
What is one of the biggest resources in the plastics industry
Ethene
What are the three possible isomers when two branches are attached to a benzene ring
branches on spots 1 and 2
branches on spots 1 and 3
branches on spots 1 and 4
what are the 6 functional groups
alkenes, alkynes, halides, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters
What’s hydrocracking
A combination of catalytic cracking and hydrogenation where no carbon is formed
what does the inclusion of prefixes cis and trans in the name of a compound do
they help specify where the branches will be located on an alkene or cyclic structure
What’s the general formula for an alkane
CnH(2n+2)
are all compounds containing carbon organic
no, all organic compounds contain carbon but not all carbon containing compounds are organic
what type of force do non-polar molecules have
only london dispersion forces
are the melting and boiling points of alcohols higher or lower than those of their corresponding hydrocarbons and why
much higher because of hydrogen bonding thats causing an increase in the strength of their intermolecular bonds/forces
what is catalytic reforming
chemical process involved in converting molecules in gasoline fraction into aromatic gasoline molecules
what family is the halogens
family 17 (right before the noble gases/second to last column from end of the table)
How are alkenes produced
by the catalytic cracking of alkanes
what is the benzene ring called when you consider it as a branch attached to the longest carbon parent chain
phenyl
what forces do all hydrocarbon derivatives have present
london dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces
What’s a molecular/empirical formula
regular chemical formulas (ex. C4H10)
What is the main structural feature in aromatic compounds
The benzene ring
how Do you do to separate branch locations for the same type of branch
(,)
how do you name a polymer
poly + name of the monomer
are cyclo shapes more or less reactive then their corresponding straight chain structure and why
more reactive due to angle stress
are organic acids strong or weak
all organic acids are considered to be weak acids
does compound CH2 exist, why or why not
no it does not exist because carbons bonding capacity is not satisfied (still has 2 open spots)
how are addition polymers formed and what do they produce
formed by the direct linking together of the monomer units; they form no products
are alkene polar or nonpolar
Nonpolar
what state are hydrocarbons in
liquid state up to 16 hydrocarbons
whats a secondary/second degree alcohol
alcohols where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to 2 other carbon atoms
what does p stand for in classical nomenclature
para
what are the 2 substances that can undergo a substitution reaction
alkanes and benzene ring
How do you name aromatic hydrocarbons
The same as aliphatic hydrocarbons were benzene is generally taken to be the parent name in the attached groups are named as before
what’s the suffix for naming branches
-yl
What’s the most common type of substitution that alkanes undergo
Mono substitution when only one halogen atom substitutes for one hydrogen atom and each alkane molecule
how do you name alcohols when a double or triple bond is present
the double or triple bond takes priority over the alcohol so it goes on the end of the parent name and the alcohol is named as a branch ending in ‘oxy’ or ‘oxyl’ instead of the usual -yl
what charges are attracted to each other
opposites attract (+ to -)
what is esterification an example of
a type of condensation polymerization
what is The main source of hydrocarbons
Petroleum
do alkenes undergo single or double replacement
double replacement
What family or series is a hydrocarbon a member of if it has a double carbon bond
the alkene series/family
The general formula for members of the alkene series
CnH(2n)
How does size of a molecule directly affect the boiling point
More chemicals in the molecule the higher the boiling point
what are the different types of aliphatic compounds
Alkanes, alkynes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes
What does the root of an organic name indicate
the number of carbon atoms in the compound
how do you determine the location of branches on the parent chain
start counting the carbons from the end closest to the first branch in order to give the branch locations the lowest possible number
what do you do if theres more then one alcohol degree
take the highest degree
What is the common chemical reaction that alkene’s undergo
The addition reaction
What state is benzene at room temperature
Liquid
what is the weakest type of intermolecular force
london dispersion forces
what are the 4 types of hydrocarbon derivitives
halides, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters
What substances can be used to cause an addition reaction with a hydrocarbon
Diatomic halogens or hydrogen halides
Do alkenes undergo a complete and incomplete combustion reactions
Yes
what states are pure hydrocarbons containing 1-4 carbons in
gases
are large alcohols more or less soluble in non-polar solvents
more soluble because their hydrocarbon side is larger making the alcohol less polar
What are aromatic compounds
Benzene and compounds containing a benzene ring
The requirement for a compound to be able to undergo an addition reaction
It must be unsaturated
what does hydroxylbenzene or phenol look like
a benzene ring with one OH branch attached
what type of forces are present in every pure hydrocarbon
only london dispersion forces
Is the general formula of an alkyne
CnH(2n-2)
Do alkanes have relatively low melting and boiling points or relatively high melting and boiling points in comparison to other compounds of similar molar mass
Relatively low melting and boiling points**
What is thermo cracking
breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules using only high temperatures
is the benzene ring reactive
no, its very stable because of its delocalized electron sharing
what are the main chemical properties of a carboxylic acid
neutralize bases, react with active metals to produce H2(g), react with alcohols to produce esters
what happens to solubililty as the hydrocarbon end of an alcohol increases
their solubility in water decreases
what is the general formula for a cycloalkene
CnH(2n-2)
are the areas of attraction in a dipole-dipole force permanent or temporary
permanent
What is benzene soluble with and what has benzene not soluble with
It’s not soluble with water but it is soluble with other non polar organic solvents
what are alkanes good solvents for
Other nonpolar hydrocarbons
what does catalytic reforming do
converts low grade gasoline (low octane rating) to a higher grade gasoline (higher octane rating)
What’s a structural isomer
Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
what makes up the functional group for an alkyne
a carbon triple bonded to another carbon
Prefix for five
penta
whats the general formula of an alcohol
R-OH
Prefix for one
metha
how are straight chain alkanes named
The same way as alkanes with the exception of the suffix and the specification of the double bond location
what are the 3 types of intermolecular forces
london dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bond forces
what are monomers
smaller molecules that get bonded together to form a polymer
what is the general formula for an ester
R-C(double bonded to O and single bonded to O) - R1
What is the first member of the Alkyne series
C2H2
what does o stand for in classical nomenclature
ortho
what makes up the functional group for an alkene
a carbon double bonded to another carbon
What types of combustion do alkanes undergo
Complete and incomplete combustion
What does meta mean
When there is one spot in between two branches on a benzene ring
Do alliphatic hydrocarbons include
the alkane, alkene, and alkyne series
Are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes and why
More reactive because they are unsaturated
whats the prefix for chlorine
chloro
whats the most common by-product of a condensation polymer
water
