Organic I Flashcards
What is crude oil?
a mixture of hydrocarbons
What is a hydrocarbon?
a compound made of hydrogen and carbon only
Explain the fractional distillation of crude oil
vaporised crude oil rises, it cools and condenses depending on boiling point, producing fractions
What are refinery gases used for?
fuels to heat or cook
What is gasoline used for?
fuel for cars
What is kerosene used for?
fuel for aircraft
What is diesel used for?
fuel for lorries/trains
What is fuel oil used for?
fuel for ships
What is bitumen used for?
roads
Place the fractions of crude oil in order of bp, RFM, colour, viscosity, solubility
bp, RFM and viscosity increases down line, colour gets darker down line, solubility decreases:
Refinery gases
gasoline
kerosene
diesel
fuel oil
bitumen
What is a functional group?
part of a molecule responsible for the chemical properties
What is a homologous series?
a family of compounds with the same functional group
(similar chemical properties, trend in physical properties)
What is the general formula an alkane?
Cn H2n+2
What is an alkane?
saturated hydrocarbon
saturated = no c=c
List the alkanes
methane - CH₄
ethane - C₂H₆
propane - C₃H₈
butane - C₄H₁₀
pentane - C₅H₁₂
What are isomers?
molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula
What is cracking?
process of breaking long chain of hydrocarbons into shorter ones
Advantages of cracking?
shorter chains are more useful and in higher demand
also produce alkenes (used to make polymers)
What is the catalyst used in cracking?
aluminium oxide
What is the temperature used for cracking?
650ºC
What is produced in the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
carbon monoxide
water
Sulphur is an impurity in crude oil, why is this a problem for the environment?
When fuel is burned, sulphur dioxide produced which dissolves into rain water causing acid rain
Why is carbon monoxide poisonous to humans?
blood cant carry as much oxygen
What is the general formula for an alkene?
CnH2n
What is an alkene?
unsaturated hydrocarbon
has c=c
What does saturated mean?
has no c=c
list the alkenes
ethene - C₂H₄
propene - C₃H₆
but-1-ene - C₄H₈
but-2-ene - C₄H₈
describe a test to show that a hydrocarbon is unsaturated
add bromine water turns from orange to colourless (uses uv light as alkanes are not reactive enough without it)
What is a polymer?
long chain molecule made up of repeating units (monomers)
What is a monomer?
small reactive molecules (usually an alkene) which when added together form a polymer
What is addition polymerisation?
a type of polymerisation that occurs by the monomer being continuously added onto the end of a polymer chain
What are the issues of disposing polymers?
don’t break down easily
How can you dispose of polymers?
incinerate
landfill
reuse, recycle
Where does poly(ethene) come from?
crude oil
