Organic Compounds

Question 1

monomer

Answer 1

single subunits that can be combined to build larger substances

Question 2

polymer

Answer 2

larger substances made up of many monomers linked/bonded together; built by anabolic reactions & covalent bonds

Question 3

dehydration synthesis

Answer 3

anabolic reaction to build polymers; done by removing H2O molecule that causes bond to form

Question 4

hydrolysis

Answer 4

catabolic rxn that breaks covalent bonds in polymers; done by adding H2O molecule to compound resulting the bond breaking

Question 5

carbohydrate

Answer 5

‘carbo’ - carbon and ‘hydrate’ - hydrogen; 1 C : 2 H : 1 O; hydroxyl groups (-OH) make that compounds as a whole polar and hydrophilic; ~1% of body’s mass; throughout cell membranes and in genetic material; main role: FEUL – catabolic and redox reactions release chemical energy stored in bonds and drives ATP synthesis

Question 6

4 major elements accounting for 96% of body’s mass

Answer 6

(highest) Oxygen - 65%, Carbon - 18%, hydrogen - 10%, Nitrogen - 3% (lowest)

Question 7

monosaccharide

Answer 7

monomer of carbohydrates; 3 to 7 carbons (most have 5/6) and have a ring structure; the smaller ones form chains; 5 carbons = pentose sugars, 6 carbons = hexose sugars

Question 8

pentose sugars

Answer 8

deoxyribose and ribose (5 carbons); found in genetic material (DNA and RNA)

Question 9

hexose sugars

Answer 9

glucose (main source of feul), fructose and galactose (isomers of glucose - same formula but different structure)

Question 10

dissacharide

Answer 10

2 monosaccharides joined by polar covalent bond; formed by dehydration synthesis; can be broken back into monossacharides via hydrolysis

Question 11

polyssacharides

Answer 11

largest of carbohydrate compounds; branching chains of monosaccharides joined by polar covalent bonds; aren’t very soluble in water (despite polar bonds) due to large size; ideal for cells to store glucose for later use (plants - starch; animals - glycogen); can attach to proteins/lipis via covalent bonds

Question 12

glycogen

Answer 12

polysaccharide made up of sever glucose molecules; storeed in the liver and skeletal muscles; energy is released via enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis

Question 13

lipids

Answer 13

fats and oils; contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; C15 : H31 : COOH; high amounts of carbon and hydrogen makes them nonpolar and hydrophobic

Question 14

fatty acids

Answer 14

basic lipid monomer (carbolic acid (COOH) bonded to hydrocarbon train)

Question 15

3 classes of fatty acids

Answer 15

Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

Question 16

saturated fatty acids

Answer 16

no double bonds in hydrocarbon chain; animal fats; solid at room temperature

Question 17

monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 17

1 double bond in hydrocarbon chain; cant pack together as tightly (lower melting point) and are generally liquid at room temperature

Question 18

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 18

2 or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chain; lowest melting point and liquid at room temperature

Question 19

triglycerides

Answer 19

fatty acids are stored by linking 3 via dehydration synthesis to 3-carbon sugar (glycerol); produce polymer called neutral fat

Question 20

phospholipids

Answer 20

glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acid (in place of 3rd fatty acid is a phosphate group - PO4); polar phosphate head and nonpolar fatty acid tails; amphiphilic (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic); main component of cell membrane

Question 21

steroids

Answer 21

class of lipids that share four ring hydrocarbon structure (steroid nucleus); cholesterol forms the basis for the body’s other steroids; nonpolar

Question 22

proteins

Answer 22

make up hair, nails, outer parts of skin/eyes; ~20% of mass; macromolecules with many fxns (enzymes, body’s defenses, cell communication, muscle contraction, feul)

Question 23

amino acids

Answer 23

monomer of all proteins; each protein made up of series of the 21 amino acids; share same core structure of central carbon bonded to: amino group, hydrogen atom, carboxylic acid (COOH) group, and an R group; the R group makes it unique (ex behavior in water)

Question 24

peptide/peptide bonds

Answer 24

peptide - 2 amino acids joined by polar covalent bond (peptide bond); named for number of amino acids contains (ex di, tri, poly); proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains folded into a distinct structure (proteins are only functional if structure is maintained)

Question 25

fibrous proteins

Answer 25

long protein strands composed of polar amino acids; tough/durable gives high degree of strength to proteins (rope like); hair, nails, tendons, bone

Question 26

globular proteins

Answer 26

chains assemble into globe/spherical shape; polar and function as enzymes, hormones, cell messengers, etc

Question 27

primary protein structure

Answer 27

amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain (bonded by peptide bonds)

Question 28

secondary protein structure

Answer 28

polypeptide chain folded over itself and stabilized by hydrogen bonds; Beta pleated sheets (like blinds) and alpha helix (like springs)

Question 29

tertiary structure

Answer 29

final 3D shape that allows protein to be functional; twists/folds/coils around alpha helix/ beta sheets and stabilized by hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions between R groups

Question 30

quaternary structure

Answer 30

multiple polypeptide chains assembled (with each having its own first 3 structures); shape determines function

Question 31

denaturation

Answer 31

protein that loses shape and cant function propertly; heat, pH changes, certain chemicals; disruptions in H bonds

Question 32

nucleic acids

Answer 32

compounds in nucleus of the cell (DNA and RNA); not oxidized for feul but do play role in energy system (ATP)

Question 33

nucleotides

Answer 33

monomer of nucleic acids that form genetic material; (1) nitrogenous base (2) pentose sugar (3) phosphate group

Question 34

nitrogenous bases of nucleotides

Answer 34

purines (double ringed - adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (single ringed - cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

Question 35

pentose sugars in nucleotides

Answer 35

deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose (RNA)

Question 36

phosphate groups in nucleotides

Answer 36

1-3 groups covalently bonded to pentose sugar

Question 37

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 37

ATP, body’s main source of energy (chemical energy in bonds); synthesized by adding 3rd phosphate group to ADP (takes a lot of energy which comes from breaking down glucose); breaking the bonds of ATP releases a large amount of energy; cell must continuously replenish ATP, which requires oxygen

Question 38

DNA and RNA

Answer 38

polymers of linked nucleotides by dehydration synthesis (joins phosphate group of one to sugar of next by covalent bond); linked sugar and phosphate form the backbone

Question 39

DNA

Answer 39

2 long chains of nucleotides twisted to form double helix; contains deoxyribose sugar (lacks -OH group); contains adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; 2 strands held together by hydrogen bonds (A & T and C & G); holds genetic code for proteins in genes