Organic Compounds Flashcards
monomer
single subunits that can be combined to build larger substances
polymer
larger substances made up of many monomers linked/bonded together; built by anabolic reactions & covalent bonds
dehydration synthesis
anabolic reaction to build polymers; done by removing H2O molecule that causes bond to form
hydrolysis
catabolic rxn that breaks covalent bonds in polymers; done by adding H2O molecule to compound resulting the bond breaking
carbohydrate
‘carbo’ - carbon and ‘hydrate’ - hydrogen; 1 C : 2 H : 1 O; hydroxyl groups (-OH) make that compounds as a whole polar and hydrophilic; ~1% of body’s mass; throughout cell membranes and in genetic material; main role: FEUL – catabolic and redox reactions release chemical energy stored in bonds and drives ATP synthesis
4 major elements accounting for 96% of body’s mass
(highest) Oxygen - 65%, Carbon - 18%, hydrogen - 10%, Nitrogen - 3% (lowest)
monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrates; 3 to 7 carbons (most have 5/6) and have a ring structure; the smaller ones form chains; 5 carbons = pentose sugars, 6 carbons = hexose sugars
pentose sugars
deoxyribose and ribose (5 carbons); found in genetic material (DNA and RNA)
hexose sugars
glucose (main source of feul), fructose and galactose (isomers of glucose - same formula but different structure)
dissacharide
2 monosaccharides joined by polar covalent bond; formed by dehydration synthesis; can be broken back into monossacharides via hydrolysis
polyssacharides
largest of carbohydrate compounds; branching chains of monosaccharides joined by polar covalent bonds; aren’t very soluble in water (despite polar bonds) due to large size; ideal for cells to store glucose for later use (plants - starch; animals - glycogen); can attach to proteins/lipis via covalent bonds
glycogen
polysaccharide made up of sever glucose molecules; storeed in the liver and skeletal muscles; energy is released via enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis
lipids
fats and oils; contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; C15 : H31 : COOH; high amounts of carbon and hydrogen makes them nonpolar and hydrophobic
fatty acids
basic lipid monomer (carbolic acid (COOH) bonded to hydrocarbon train)
3 classes of fatty acids
Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
saturated fatty acids
no double bonds in hydrocarbon chain; animal fats; solid at room temperature
monounsaturated fatty acids
1 double bond in hydrocarbon chain; cant pack together as tightly (lower melting point) and are generally liquid at room temperature
polyunsaturated fatty acids
2 or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chain; lowest melting point and liquid at room temperature
triglycerides
fatty acids are stored by linking 3 via dehydration synthesis to 3-carbon sugar (glycerol); produce polymer called neutral fat
phospholipids
glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acid (in place of 3rd fatty acid is a phosphate group - PO4); polar phosphate head and nonpolar fatty acid tails; amphiphilic (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic); main component of cell membrane
steroids
class of lipids that share four ring hydrocarbon structure (steroid nucleus); cholesterol forms the basis for the body’s other steroids; nonpolar
proteins
make up hair, nails, outer parts of skin/eyes; ~20% of mass; macromolecules with many fxns (enzymes, body’s defenses, cell communication, muscle contraction, feul)
amino acids
monomer of all proteins; each protein made up of series of the 21 amino acids; share same core structure of central carbon bonded to: amino group, hydrogen atom, carboxylic acid (COOH) group, and an R group; the R group makes it unique (ex behavior in water)
peptide/peptide bonds
peptide - 2 amino acids joined by polar covalent bond (peptide bond); named for number of amino acids contains (ex di, tri, poly); proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains folded into a distinct structure (proteins are only functional if structure is maintained)
