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A LEVEL CHEM > Organic Chemstry I- Topic 6 > Flashcards

Organic Chemstry I- Topic 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds that have the same functional group and general formula.

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2
Q

What do consecutive members of a homologous series differ by?

A

CH2

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3
Q

Define Addition

A

Joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

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4
Q

Define Polymerisation

A

joining together

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5
Q

Elimination

A

When a small group of atoms breaks away from a larger molecule

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6
Q

Substitution

A

when one species is replaced by another

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7
Q

Hydrolysis

A

splitting a molecule into two new molecules by adding H+ and OH- derived from water

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8
Q

Oxidation

A

Any reaction in which a species loses electrons

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9
Q

Reduction

A

Any reaction in which a species gains electrons

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10
Q

When naming organic molecules, which functional group is most important and how does this affect its name?

A

The double bond so it should be given the LOWEST number when naming it.

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11
Q

What does the 1 in butan-1-ol tell you and why is it necessary in the name?

A

Tells you that the functional group is attached to the 1st Carbon. This is necessary as different molecules such as butan-2-ol exist.

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12
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

When you draw out all bonds etc like C=C-H ….

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13
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Showing the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon

Ch3Ch2Ch3

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14
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule e.g. C2H6

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15
Q

What is a mechanism?

A

A diagram that breaks down reactions into individual stages to show how substances react together.

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16
Q

What do curly arrows show?

A

How electron pairs move around when bonds are made or broken.

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17
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of ONLY hydrogen and carbon

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18
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Containing single carbon-carbon bonds only

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19
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

Contains a C=C double bond

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20
Q

What is a general formula?

A

Algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds.

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21
Q

The shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons is ………. and the bond angle is ……

A

The shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons is tetrahedral and the bond angle is 109.5

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22
Q

What are the only things skeletal formulas show?

A

a carbon skeleton and any functional groups.

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23
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms which (when presented in different molecules) causes them to have similar chemical properties.

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24
Q

If more than one double bond is present then the suffix will end in…… or …..

A

diene or triene.

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25
Q

What will you name a compound that has OH and a higher priority functional group?

A

name using “hydroxy”

e.g. hydroxypropanoic acid

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26
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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27
Q

What is a chain isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton.

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28
Q

What is a position isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.

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29
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.

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30
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron pair donor. (often negatively charged ions e.g. halide ions) or species with a lone pair.

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31
Q

Molecules with …… ..… are often attacked by nucleophiles

A

Molecules with polar bonds are often attacked by nucleophiles

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32
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron pair acceptor, often positively charged ions.

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33
Q

Name 3 types of reagent

A

Electrophile
Nucleophile
Radical

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34
Q

Radicals have ….. ……….

A

Radicals have unpaired electrons

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35
Q

When naming organic molecules, what must you remember when knowing which side chains have priority?

A

Alphabetical order. So the Methyl comes before the Propyl.

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36
Q

Which alkanes have the highest boiling points?

A

Straight chain alkanes have the highest boiling points, and are higher than branched chain alkanes due to the greater surface area in contact.

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37
Q

Why do hydrocarbons have a low affinity (unreactive)?

A

Hydrocarbons have NO significant dipole in C-H and C-C

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38
Q

Each fraction (crude oil) contains a ………. of hydrocarbons

A

Each fraction (crude oil) contains a mixture of hydrocarbons

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39
Q

What is breaking a covalent bond called?

A

Bond Fission

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40
Q

What are Heterolytic and Homolytic Fission examples of?

A

The two different ways that a single covalent bond between two atoms can break.

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41
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

The bond breaks unevenly with one of the bonded atoms receiving both electrons from the bonded pair. Therefore two substances can form, an anion and a cation.

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42
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

The bond breaks evenly, each atom receives 1 electron. Two “radicals” are formed.

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43
Q

What happens in the initiation step?

A

Radicals are produced

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44
Q

What happens during the propagation step?

A

Radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction.

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45
Q

What happens during the termination step?

A

Radicals mopped up by reacting together and forming stable molecules.

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46
Q

What’s the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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47
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

The system used for naming organic compounds.

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48
Q

Give the suffixes for:
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic acid

A

Aldehyde- al
Ketone- one
Carboxylic acid- oic acid

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49
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but have different arrangements of atoms in space.

50
Q

E-Z isomerism is caused by…..

A

the limited rotation about C=C double bonds.

51
Q

How are E and Z isomers differentiated?

A

Two substituents with the HIGHEST MOLECULAR MASSES:
Z = both on same side
E = both on opposite sides.

52
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

Two substituents on each carbon atom are the same.

53
Q

Each fraction (in crude oil) contains a ….. of ………..

A

Each fraction (in crude oil) contains a mixture of hydrocarbons.

54
Q

Which alkanes have the highest boiling points and why?

A

Straight chain alkanes have the higher boiling points (more than branched chain alkanes) due to the greater surface area in contact.

55
Q

What is a reagent?

A

A substance added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs.

56
Q

What is a free radical?

A

an atom with an unpaired electron.

57
Q

What is carbocation?

A

A carbon atom bearing a positive charge

58
Q

What is a pi orbital formed from?

A

2p orbitals overlapping form a pi orbital

59
Q

What is the bond angle around the C=C?

A

120 ( planar)

60
Q

Discuss the solubility in alkenes

A

Non-polar so they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

61
Q

What is the main reaction of alkenes?

A

Electrophilic addition.

62
Q

C-C and C-H are called…… bonds

A

C-C and C-H are called sigma bonds.

63
Q

What colour flame does complete combustion give?

A

Blue

64
Q

What products does complete combustion give?

A

ONLY carbon dioxide and water

65
Q

What colour flame does incomplete combustion give?

A

Smoky orange

66
Q

Incomplete combustion is much more likely with ……. chain alkanes. Why?

A

Longer chain alkanes as they need more oxygen to combust completely

67
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce?

A

SOME water+carbon dioxide

Also: pure carbons, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.

68
Q

How do you test for alkenes?

A

Bromine water is light orange and will be decolourised in the presence of an alkene

69
Q

Name two types of compound that are produced by reforming

A

Cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons

70
Q

What state do combustion reactions happen between?

A

Combustion reactions happen between GASES.

71
Q

Explain how geometric isomerism arises

A

Restricted rotation around double bond

72
Q

Poly(propene) doesn’t have a sharp melting temperature. Suggest why.

A

Different chain lengths.

73
Q

What does inert mean?

A

having little or no ability to react (stable)

74
Q

What happens when you burn poly(chloroethene)?

A

Toxic gases are released

75
Q

Isomers have different……

A

Skeletal formula

76
Q

List pollutants formed during the combustion of alkane fuels

A

carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur (acid rain), carbon particulates and unburned hydrocarbons.

77
Q

Describe what is meant by “reforming”

A

processing of straight chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain alkanes or cyclic hydrocarbons for efficient combustion

78
Q

What type of bonds does a double bond consist of?

A

A sigma and a pi bond

79
Q

How is a pi bond formed?

A

When two lobes of two p orbitals overlap adjacently (one above and one below the carbon atom)

80
Q

How is a sigma bond formed?

A

When two orbitals overlap in a straight line in the space between two atoms.

81
Q

The C=C is made up of two different types of bond.

Name a similarity between these bonds.

A

Both bonds form when atomic orbitals overlap.

82
Q

The C=C is made up of two different types of bond.

Name 2 differences between these bonds.

A

Sigma bonds have a higher bond enthalpy than pi bonds.
In sigma bonds e- density lies directly between two nuclei but in pi bonds the electron density lies above and below the molecular axis.

83
Q

When naming isomers, when will you use “cis” and “trans”?

A

When there are two identical groups either side of the bond.

84
Q

What does cis mean?

A

Cis means the same groups are on the SAME SIDE of the double bond.

85
Q

What does trans mean?

A

Trans means the same groups are on OPPOSITE SIDES of the double bond.

86
Q

Adding …… to C=C bonds produces Alkanes. Requiring a ……. catalyst.

A

Adding hydrogen to C=C bonds produces Alkanes, in the presence of a NICKEL catalyst and 150”c

87
Q

What is Markownikoffs rule?

A

The major product from addition of a hydrogen halide to an unsymmetrical alkene is the one where hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached

88
Q

Name 3 ways to dispose of polymers

A

Buried, Reused, Burned.

89
Q

What happens when you dehydrate an alcohol?

A

Forms an Alkene

90
Q

How would you dehydrate an alcohol?

A

By eliminating water by adding an acid catalyst like concentrated PHOSPHORIC ACID (H2PO4). Then heat it.

91
Q

The simplest way to oxidise alcohols is to…..

A

burn them

92
Q

What does the extent of oxidation of an alcohol depend on?

A

Structure:
Primary- forms aldehydes and carboxylic acids
Secondary- Ketones only
Tertiary- NOT OXIDISED. (only if burnt)

93
Q

What type of bond do aldehydes and ketones contain?

A

C=O bonds.

94
Q

How would you mildly oxidise alcohols?

A

Adding an oxidising agent like acidified dichromate (VI)

95
Q

How can you test is something is an aldehyde or a ketone?

A

Benedicts solution (Copper II ions dissolved in sodium carbonate) BLUE copper II ions reduced to a brick red precipitate of Copper (I) oxide if HEATED with aldehyde, if heated with ketone nothing happens.

96
Q

Which do you distil or reflux to form out of aldehydes and carboxylic acids?

A

Distil for aldehyde.

Reflux for carboxylic acid.

97
Q

ethanoic acid smells of…

A

vinegar

98
Q

Primary Alcohols oxidise to …… and ……..

A

Aldehydes and carboxylic acids.

99
Q

Secondary alcohols will oxidise to….

A

Ketones

100
Q

The only way to oxidise tertiary alcohols is by…..

A

burning them.

101
Q

Why is it important to use distillation for an aldehyde?

A

So the aldehyde is removed immediately as it forms.

102
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound.

103
Q

What reactions will alkanes undergo?

A

Combustion and reactions with halogens

104
Q

What is incomplete combustion and what products are formed in the case of alkanes?

A

Combustion in a limited supply of oxygen.

CO + CO2 + H2O

105
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Fuels developed from renewable resources.

106
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of biofuels

A

Less food crops grown as space used for crops for biofuel.

Reduces use of non-renewable fossil fuels.

107
Q

Limitations of free radical substitution?

A

If there is an excess halogen further substitution happens and its harder to separate desired product from others.

108
Q

Which bond is responsible for the lack of rotation around a C=C?

A

A pi bond.

109
Q

What requirements does the addition of H to an alkene have?

A

A nickel catalyst and 150 degrees.

110
Q

Name 3 ways to dispose of polymers

A

Reusing them- some recycled by melting and remoulding, some cracked into monomers
Burning- Heat generates electricity
Buried- Landfill used if it’s difficult to separate from other waste or to technically recycle.

111
Q

List 3 things that chemists have to do when making sustainable polymers

A

Energy use kept to minimum so catalysts used.
Use renewable raw materials wherever possible
Limit waste products made especially if hazardous to human health/environment.

112
Q

Name 2 advantages and 1 disadvantage of biodegradable polymers.

A

Raw materials won’t run out like oil will
Plant based polymers save energy compared to oil based plastics.
BUT they’re more expensive than oil based equivalents.

113
Q

How to test for presence of alkene?

A

Brown bromine water decolourises.

114
Q

Define a fraction

A

mixture of compounds with similar boiling points therefore chain length.

115
Q

What is acidified potassium manganate used for?

A

Added to alkene to form a diol

purple to colourless

116
Q

What catalyst is used for Catalytic Cracking?

A

Zeolite catalyst.

117
Q

What are the main products of catalytic cracking?

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons

118
Q

When can you use cis/trans isomerism?

A

When the carbon atoms have at least one group in common

119
Q

How is margarine made?

A

Hydrogenating vegetable oils by removing some double bonds the melting temp raises so that it becomes solid at room temp.

120
Q

How do you produce an alcohol?

A

steam + alkene via phosphoric acid catalyst = alcohol

121
Q

How is a diol produced?

A

Alkene with acidified potassium manganate -> diol
oxidises the double bond
(purple and decolourises )

122
Q

3-methylbutan-2-one may be prepared by oxidising 3-methylbutan-2-ol. Why can 3-methylbutanoic acid NOT be formed from this?

A

As secondary alcohols cannot be oxidised to carboxylic acid.

A LEVEL CHEM (34 decks)

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