Core Practical 7 & 15 Flashcards
How would you test for acid or base character?
Use indicator paper, blue =base, red = acid
How can a flame test be used to identify metal ions?
Dip a nichrome wire in HCl solution. Then into metal ion solution. Hold over blue flame of Bunsen burner and observe the flame colour.
Li+ flame colour
red
K+ flame colour?
lilac
Na+ flame colour?
yellow
Ba2+ flame colour?
green
Ca2+ flame colour?
brick red
Sr2+ flame colour?
crimson
Cs+ flame colour?
Blue
Rb+ flame colour?
Red
Mg2+ flame colour?
No colour
How could you test for CO32- and HCO3- ions?
Add to aqueous acid + collect gas (CO2) formed in gas syringe. Then test gas by using delivery tube & bubbling through limewater. If cloudy = CaCO3 precip formed
How would you test for NH4+ ions ?
Add aqueous ammonia and gently warm the solution. The gas will turn damp red litmus paper blue
How would you test for SO42− ions?
add dilute HCl (removes traces of carbonate ions) followed by BaCl2 = white precip formed(BaSo4)
Test for halides?
Add silver nitrate solution. Cl- = white precip Br- = cream precip and I- = yellow precip
followed by ammonia solution.
Cl- precipitate redissolves, Br- only does in concentrated ammonia solution and I- does NOT
Observation of Mg2+ in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: White suspension
add more NaOH: n/a
Observation of Ca2+ in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: White suspension (but more soluble than Mg(OH)2
add more NaOH: n/a
Observation of Sr2+ and Ba2+ in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH:
add more NaOH: n/a
Observation of Zn2+ in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: White ppt Zn(OH)2. soluble in NH3. [Zn(NH3)4] 2+ = colourless solution
add more NaOH: ppt dissolves, colourless solution = [Zn(OH)4] 2-
Observation of Al3+ in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: White ppt Al(OH)3
add more NaOH: ppt dissolves, colourless solution, [Al(OH)4]−
Observation of Ag+ in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: Ag2O dark brown ppt. soluble in NH3, colourless solution [Ag(NH3)2] +
add more NaOH: ppt doesn’t dissolve
Observation of Cu2+ (blue) in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: Blue ppt [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] soluble in excess NH3 = deep blue solution [Cu(NH3)4]2+
add more NaOH: Ppt doesn’t dissolve
Observation of Fe3+ (yellow) in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: Brown ppt Fe(OH)3
add more NaOH: Ppt doesn’t dissolve
Observation of Fe2+ (green) in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: White/green ppt slowly turning brown in air (oxidation to Fe(OH)3
add more NaOH: Ppt doesn’t dissolve
Observation of Cr3+ (green) in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: Green ppt [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] soluble in NH3, Cr(NH3)6 3+ violet solution
add more NaOH: ppt dissolves forming [Cr(OH)6]3- green solution
Observation of Co2+ (pink) in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: Blue ppt Co(H2O)4(OH)2. Slowly turns pink. dissolves in NH3 [Co(NH3)6]2+ light brown colour. Turns dark brown upon standing- slow oxidation to Co(III)
add more NaOH: ppt doesn’t dissolve
Observation of Ni2+ (green) in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: Green ppt Ni(H2O)4(OH)2. Soluble in NH3 = blue solution [Ni(NH3)6] 2+
add more NaOH: Ppt doesn’t dissolve
Observation of Mn2+ (pale pink) in NaOH? and then in excess?
NaOH: Off-white ppt, Mn(OH)2 turns brown upon exposure to air (oxidation to MnO2)
add more NaOH: Ppt doesn’t dissolve
Bromide + conc H2SO4 observations?
steamy fumes (HBr) brown vapour(Br2) choking fumes (SO2)
Chloride + conc H2SO4 observations
Steamy fumes (HCl)
Iodide + conc H2SO4 observations?
steamy fumes - HI
black solid -iodine(s)
Purple vapours- I2(g)
What colour is [MnO4]-
Violet
What colour is [CrO4] 2-
yellow
What colour is [Cr2O7]2- ?
orange
How can you test for bromide?
Add chlorine water to a solution of bromides. If present orange solution made, with maybe some effervescence
Test for alkene?
Add bromine water to compound & shake
orange decolourises if C=C present
Test for Oh group? (not phenols)
Add PCl5
misty fumes of HCl produced
Add a small piece of sodium=effervescence
Test for carboxylic acids?
add ethanol + conc sulfuric acid
heat in water bath
mix with aqueous sodium carbonate
if carboxylic acid =
What is the esterification test?
Gently warm alcohol and carboxylic acid in presence of conc H2SO4
Should produce compound with characteristic smell
Test for primary/secondary alcohol and Aldehyde?
Warm with acidified H2SO4 and K2Cr2O7
Colour changes from orange to green
What is the Iodoform reaction?
warm with iodine and sodium hydroxide. yellow ppt. antiseptic smell. positive test with methylketones, ethanal, ethanol and methyl secondary alcohols
Describe Fehling’s test
Fehling’s solution (copper II ions dissolved in NaOH)
if it’s heated with an aldehyde the blue Cu2+ ions are reduced to a brick-red ppt copper (I) oxide (KETONES DON’T REACT SI SOLUTION STAYS BLUE)
How do you test for an aldehyde?
Add tollens reagent & warm
silver mirror = aldehyde present
Heating an aldehyde with acidified dichromate ions produces …
carboxylic acid