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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry - SPEC > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry - SPEC Flashcards

1
Q

how are polymers made and what is this process called

A

made by linking together large numbers of monomers

addition polymerisation

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2
Q

how is each monomer connected within a polymer

A

with covalent bonds

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3
Q

what conditions do polymerisation reactions need

A
  • high pressures
  • the use of a catalyst
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4
Q

what are synthetic polymers

A

those that are manufactured such as polystyrene and nylon

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5
Q

how to change a polymer into a polymer (for a drawing)

A

remove the two extending single bonds and create a double bond instead

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6
Q

why are polymers a problem for the environment

A

they have strong C-C bonds which makes them unreactive and chemically inert so they don’t easily biodegrade

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7
Q

what are the options for disposing of polymers

A
  • landfill
  • incineration
  • recycling
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8
Q

why is landfill not a good option for disposing of polymers

A

this takes up valuable land because site quickly fill up

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9
Q

why is incineration not a good option for disposing of unwanted polymers

A
  • they release the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide
  • polymers that contain chlorine release hydrogen chloride gas when burned
  • if incinerated with incomplete combustion then carbon monoxide is produced
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10
Q

what are the problems with recycling unwanted polymers

A

different polymers must be separated from each other which is a difficult and expensive process

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11
Q

when are condensation polymers formed

A

when two different monomers are linked together with the removal of a small molecule - usually water

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12
Q

what is a key difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

A

addition polymerisation forms the polymer molecule only

WHEREAS

condensation polymerisation forms the polymer molecule (polyester) and one water molecule per link

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13
Q

WHAT ARE THE REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS OF CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION

A

REACTANTS = dicarboxylic acid, diol
products = polyester, water

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14
Q

what is a dicarboxylic acid monomer

A

a carboxylic acid with a -COOH group at BOTH ends

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15
Q

what is a diol

A

an alcohol with an -OH group on BOTH ends

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16
Q

how do the diols and dicarboxylic acids react with each other to form a polymer

A

Each -COOH group reacts with another -OH group on another monomer

this creates a long chain of alternating monomers

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17
Q

how is water formed in condensation polymerisation

A

For every ester linkage formed, one molecule of water is formed from the combination of a -H and an -OH group

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18
Q

give one example of a dicarboxylic acid

A

ethanedioic acid

-dioic

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19
Q

give one example of a diol

A

ethanediol

  • diol
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20
Q

what do each of the atoms come from that form water in condensation polymerisation

A

The OH comes from the -COOH groups of the dicarboxylic acid
The H comes from the -OH groups of the diol

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21
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

adding water to the polyester which allows it to break back down into its monomers, reversing condensation polymerisation

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22
Q

how to deduce the monomers from the polyester

A
  • then the OH atoms are added back onto the C=O
    and H atoms added onto the oxygen atoms on the other structure
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23
Q

what are biopolyesters

A

a specific type of polymer that are synthesised from sugars and plant oils using microorganisms

they are able to biodegrade naturally in the environment

24
Q

how are esters made and what is the process called

A

made when alcohols and carboxylic acids react

esterification

25
Q

what is the functional group of esters

A

R - COO - R

where the R symbolises whatever

26
Q

what are esters used for

A

food flavourings
perfumes

27
Q

how to name an ester

A
  • The first part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the alcohol, and it ends with the letters ‘- yl’
  • The second part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the carboxylic acid, and it ends with the letters ‘- oate’
  • e.g. the ester formed from pentanol and butanoic acid is called pentyl butanoate
28
Q

how is ethyl ethanoate produced

A

when ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst

29
Q

what is one characteristic of esters

A

they are volatile

30
Q

what is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A

Cn H2n+1 COOH

31
Q

how do carboxylic acid react with metals of carbonates and why

A

They react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen and with carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas

because they behave like other acids

they also take part in neutralisation reactions to produce salt and water

32
Q

how to name the salts formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids

A

they all end -anoate

So methanoic acid forms a salt called methanoate, ethanoic a salt called ethanoate etc

33
Q

what is formed in the reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium and why

A

magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen

carboxylic acid + metal -> metal salt + hydrogen

34
Q

what would be formed in the reaction between potassium hydroxide and propanoic acid

A

potassium propanoate and water

(carboxylic) acid + alkali -> salt + water

35
Q

how do the atoms change when carboxylic acids react to form salts

A

they lose the last hydrogen and replace it with the metal

36
Q

what is an alcohol in general terms

A

a colourless liquid that dissolves in water to form neutral solutions

37
Q

what is a use for the first four alcohols

A

used as fuels

38
Q

what are methanol and ethanol commonly used for and why

A

SOLVENTS

they can dissolve many substances that water cannot such as fats and oils, ASWELL as dissolving most of the things that water can

39
Q

what are the first four alcohols

A

methanol ethanol propanol butanol

40
Q

how do you name alcohols

A

remove the final e and replace it with ol

41
Q

what are the three methods of oxidising ethanol

A
  • combustion
  • microbial oxidation
  • heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid
42
Q

what is microbial oxidation

A

the reaction with oxygen in the air

bacteria in the air (acetobacter) use atmospheric oxygen from the air (so this reaction can only occur aerobically)

43
Q

what happens to alcohols when they undergo combustion

A

they form carbon dioxide and water

44
Q

what colour does ethanol burn with

A

an almost invisible blue flame

45
Q

what is the formula for when ethanol undergoes microbial oxidation

A

ethanol + oxygen -> ethanoic acid + water

46
Q

why do wines end up tasting acidic when left open for too long

A

microbial oxidation of the ethanol - the bacteria form ethanoic acid, the same acid used in vinegar

47
Q

what happens when an alcohol undergoes oxidation

A

it forms a carboxylic acid

48
Q

what is the formula for when ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate solution

A

ethanol + [O] -> ethanoic aicd + water

49
Q

during the reaction when ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate solution, what colour change is there

and why

A

the potassium dichromate turns from orange to green

dichromte ions turn into chromium ions

50
Q

why does ethanol tend to combust completely when oxidising it through combustion

A

because of the oxygen atom in the OH group

51
Q

during the reaction when ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate solution, why do we place a condenser above the reaction flask

A

to prevent the volatile liquids from evaporating and escaping

52
Q

Crude oil fractions

A

Really gay kids don’t fuck boys

Refinery gases
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen

53
Q

what is esterification

A

when alcohols and carboxylic acids react to make esters

54
Q

uses of esters

A

perfumes and food colourings

55
Q

structure of ethyl ethanoate

A
56
Q

how to name esters

eg the ester formed from pentanol and butanoic acid

A

PENTyl BUTANoate

Chemistry (30 decks)

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