Organic Chemistry

Question 1

hydrocarbons

Answer 1

compounds made of carbon and hydrogen (no other elements)

Question 2

what is the simplest hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

CH4 (methane)

Question 3

saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 3

alkanes and cycloalkanes

Question 4

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 4

alkenes and alkynes

Question 5

aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 5

benzene rings

Question 6

cyclic

Answer 6

no ends; resembles a ring

Question 7

acyclic

Answer 7

a molecule with at least 2 ends

Question 8

sp3 hybridized

Answer 8

four bonding directions (s+p3= 1+3= 4 orbitals)

Question 9

alkanes

Answer 9

only single-bonded

• sp3 hybridized
• tetrahedral

Question 10

alkene

Answer 10

possesses at least one double bond

• sp2 hybridized
• trigonal planar

Question 11

alkyne

Answer 11

possesses at least one triple bond

• sp hybridized
• linear

Question 12

benzene ring

Answer 12

six-membered ring with three alternating carbon-carbon double bonds

Question 13

alkane hydrogen formula

Answer 13

C(n)H(2n+2)

Question 14

meth-

Answer 14

one carbon

Question 15

eth-

Answer 15

two carbon

Question 16

prop-

Answer 16

three-carbon

Question 17

but-

Answer 17

four carbon

Question 18

heteroatoms

Answer 18

atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

Question 19

alkyl

Answer 19

hydrogen along the parent chain of an alkyl is replaced with CH
-yl suffix

Question 20

nomenclature for a single alkyl group on a parent chain

Answer 20

-alkyl group/parent name (3-methyloctane)

Question 21

nomenclature for multiple alkyl groups on a parent chain

Answer 21

-alkyl group-#-alkyl group-parent name (4-ethyl-5-methyl-decane

Question 22

alcohols

Answer 22

contains O-H functional group

• R1-OH
• suffix -ol is added

Question 23

ethers

Answer 23

contains C-O-C functional group (oxygen bonded between two carbon rings/chains)

• R1-O-R2
• name by finding the number of carbons on both sides of the oxygen, using the base names from those, adding the -yl suffix on each, and adding ether (ex: butyl ethyl ether)

Question 24

structural isomers

Answer 24

same molecular formula, different molecular structures (NOT THE SAME AS AN ALLOTROPE)

Question 25

geometric isomers

Answer 25

when there are two different groups located on the alkene’s double-bonded carbon

Question 26

internal alkyne

Answer 26

found inside of the carbon chain of the molecule

Question 27

terminal alkyne

Answer 27

found at the end of the carbon chain of the molecule

Question 28

trans- geometric isomer

Answer 28

when the larger groups are on the opposite sides of the double bonds

Question 29

cis- geometric isomer

Answer 29

when the larger groups are on the same sides of the double bonds.

Question 30

carbonyls

Answer 30

contains C=O functional groups

Question 31

aldehyde functional group

Answer 31

contains C=O and a bonded hydrogen (a compound with a carbonyl group bonded at the end of a carbon chain with a carbonyl group bonded to a carbon atom on one side and a hydrogen atom on the other)
O
| |
R1 - C - H
-when naming chains, add the suffix -al
-when naming ring structures, add “carbaldehyde”.

Question 32

ketone functional group

Answer 32

contains C-C(=O)-C (carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms)
O
| |
R1 - C R2
-replace “e” at the end of the parent chain with the suffix -one.

Question 33

carboxylic group

Answer 33

contains COOH (CO2H) functional group (a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group)
O
| |
R1 - C -OH
-replace “e” at the end of the parent chain with the suffix -oic and add the word “acid”.

Question 34

ester

Answer 34

sp3 hybridized oxygen is connected to an alkyl group (an organic compound in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by either an alkyl group or a carbon chain)
O
| |
R1 - C -O -R2
-replace the e ending of the parent name with the suffix -oate (ex: methyl propanoate)

Question 35

amines

Answer 35

compounds derived from ammonia (NH3). created by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups.(a nitrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom in a chain or a ring)

• R1-NH2
• change the ending of the parent chain to -yl and add “amine”

Question 36

Organic compounds are often held together by ___ bonds

Answer 36

covalent

Question 37

Elemental carbon’s 4 solid forms:

Answer 37

• amorphous carbon
• graphite
• diamond
• buckministerfullerene (C60)

Question 38

Carbon Chain

Answer 38

two or more carbon atoms that are bonded without forming a ring

Question 39

halocarbons

Answer 39

any organic molecules containing a halogen substituent group

• R1 - X (R1=carbon chain, X= any halogen)
• prefix of halogen is added

Question 40

Phenol

Answer 40

A benzene ring with a hydroxyl group attached

Question 41

Benzaldehyde

Answer 41

An aldehyde with a benzene ring

Question 42

Amides

Answer 42

when the OH of carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group
O
| |
R1 - C -N -R2
-replace the “e” with “amide”. (Butanamide)