Laboratory Separations

Question 1

Separation Process

Answer 1

a process that separates a mixture into its components based on differences in their properties

Question 2

Distillation

Answer 2

separates the components based on differences in boiling points

• liquid mixture (solution) is heated until a boiling point of one material is reached
• pure gas removed travels through a condenser and condenses into liquid form, drips into a separate container.

Question 3

Distillate

Answer 3

Purified liquid from a distillation process

Question 4

Fractional Distillation

Answer 4

can be used to separate component of a mixture with similar boiling points

• the component with the lowest boiling point evaporates first and is collected after condensing
• sample is collected before the next component condenses

Question 5

Crystallization

Answer 5

the process by which solid crystals are formed from a homogeneous solution

• crystals can be separated by vaporizing the solvent
• crystals can form a supersaturated solution. as the supersaturated solution cools, the solubility of the solute decreases
• after adding a seed crystal, the solute crystallizes

Question 6

Seed Crystal

Answer 6

a small or single crystal that is a starting surface for a larger crystal to grow

Question 7

The solubility of a solute can be decreased by _____ and ____

Answer 7

initiating a chemical reaction; changing the pH of the solution

Question 8

Absorption

Answer 8

when matter takes in another substance

-spread throughout and becomes part of the structure

Question 9

Adsorption

Answer 9

when a substance clings to the surface of a solid or a liquid

• does NOT enter the solid or liquid
• creates a film on the surface of the material being clung onto

Question 10

Adsorbate

Answer 10

the adsorbed substance

Question 11

Adsorbent

Answer 11

the substance offering a place for the adsorbate to cling

Question 12

Solvent extraction

Answer 12

a process of removing a component from a mixture by adding a solvent

• utilizes the differences between the solubility of components in the mixture
• component you are trying to take away should dissolve in the added solvent

Question 13

Chromatography

Answer 13

a group of separation processes used to separate and analyze complex mixtures based on the differences in their structure or composition
-often used in forensic science

Question 14

Stationary Phase

Answer 14

stationary material in chromatography

Question 15

Mobile Phase

Answer 15

the mixture that flows over the stationary material in chromatography