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chemistry 2020/2021 flashcards > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

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1
Q

Dimensional Analysis

A

a method for solving problems that involves canceling out the same units to multiply by a factor of 1.

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2
Q

i

A

i

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3
Q

Celsius to Kelvin Conversion

A

K=C+273.15 C=K-273.15

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4
Q

Standard Atmospheric Pressure (1 atm)

A

1.013*10^5 Pa 101.3 kPa

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5
Q

Extensive Properties

A

depend on the amount of matter being measured

ex: mass, length, volume

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6
Q

Intensive Properties

A

does NOT depend on the amount of substance present

ex: density

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7
Q

Physical Change

A

any alteration to the size, shape, or state of a substance. same matter as before

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8
Q

Chemical Change

A

when matter changes into a new substance and has a new chemical property. alters the molecular makeup

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9
Q

Signs of a Chemical Change are…

A

.. change in color, change in odor, the formation of a solid or a gas, a change in energy

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10
Q

Precipitate

A

a new solid that is formed during a chemical reaction

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11
Q

Exothermic

A

a reaction that releases heat and energy

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12
Q

Endothermic

A

absorbs heat and energy

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13
Q

Viscosity

A

the speed at which molecules move in a liquid

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14
Q

Compressibility

A

measures the change in volume resulting from applied pressure

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15
Q

Sublimation is…..

a) common
b) rare

A

b) rare

it requires specific conditions to occur (ex: the right temperature and pressure)

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16
Q

A phase diagram is usually set up so that…

A

the pressure in atmospheres is plotted against the temperature in degrees Celsius or Kelvin

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17
Q

Why does a line on a phase diagram stay flat for some time before changing state again?

A

The substance must absorb enough heat so its molecules can move around enough to overcome the forces of attraction among them and then change states. All of the energy is put towards that change of state rather than the increase/decrease of temperature

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18
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms joining together chemically

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19
Q

Compound

A

a molecule the contains at least two DIFFERENT elements that are chemically combined in a FIXED RATIO. parts no longer retain their own properties.

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20
Q

Separate a mixture using….

A

filtration (insoluble solid from a liquid or solution)
chromatography (requires two different states of matter, used to test whether a liquid is a substance or mixture)
evaporation (soluble solid from a liquid)
extraction (isolates one compound from another)
distillation (purifies the liquid with heating and cooling)

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21
Q

Electronegativity increases from _____

A
  • left to right

- bottom to top

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22
Q

Ionization energy increases from ____

A
  • left to right

- bottom to top

23
Q

Atomic Radius increases from ____

A
  • right to left

- top to bottom

24
Q

Electron Affinity increases from ____

A

-left to right
-top to bottom
(electron affinity is the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron)
(the only exception is fluorine; it is an anomaly and has a low electron affinity)

25
Q

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

A

it is impossible to know both the speed and the position of an atom inside of its orbital

26
Q

Metallic Bonding

A

the result of collectively shared electrons; metals share their electrons in a “sea”.

27
Q

Except in rare and unstable cases, bonded carbon always has ___

A

4 bonds (NO LONE PAIRS WHEN BONDED

28
Q

Reaction Pathway

A

The road that atoms and molecules take to turn from reactants to products.

29
Q

Chemical compounds try to move towards a ___ energy state because it is more ____

A

lower; stable

30
Q

Transition State

A

A higher energy state reactants go through to get to the products

31
Q

How do you find the activation energy of a reaction?

A

Ea= (energy of transition state) - (change in energy)

32
Q

The products of an exothermic reaction are more ___ than the reactants.

A

stable

33
Q

What would an exothermic reaction look like?

A

A+B=C+D+energy

34
Q

The products of an endothermic reaction are more ___ than the reactants.

A

unstable

35
Q

What would an endothermic reaction look like?

A

A+B+energy=C+D

36
Q

True or False: If a reaction requires energy to start, is it an endothermic reaction?

A

False. Just because a reaction requires energy to start does not mean it is an endothermic reaction.

37
Q

Collision Theory

A

The frequency of the particles colliding with one another successfully and reacting determines the reaction rate

38
Q

What 3 things must be true for a chemical reaction to happen?

A

1) Particles of the reactants must collide
2) The particles must have enough energy to react (Ea)
3) The particles must have the proper orientation

39
Q

Chemical rates:
Increase or decrease; Concentration
Increase or decrease; Temperature
Increase or decrease; Catalysts

A

increase; increase; increase

40
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction by changing the reaction pathway to avoid the highest energy state. The amount of catalyst in a reaction does not change.

41
Q

Acid strength increases as you _______

A

go down the periodic table and move from left to right in a row

42
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

Radioactivity is the spontaneous breakdown of an unstable nucleus in an atom.

43
Q

After a radioactive atom decays, the atom is ____.

A

lighter (fewer neutrons/protons)

44
Q

How does a radioactive atom emit energy?

A

In the form of electromagnetic radiation and/or electromagnetic particles

45
Q

Radioisotopes

A

the isotopes of an element that are unstable and therefore radioactive

46
Q

What is the half-life of an atom/isotope?

A

The time it takes for one-half of the nuclei PRESENT to radioactively decay.
1 -> 0.5
2-> 2.5

47
Q

What are the types of radiation?

A

Alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation

48
Q

What happens when an atom goes through alpha decay?

A

The atom loses 2 neutrons and 2 protons. The atomic number decreases by 2 and the mass number decreases by 4.

49
Q

What happens when an atom goes through beta decay?

A

One of the atom’s neutrons loses its neutral charge to become a proton so the atomic number increases by 1. Beta-radiation is stopped by solid materials.

50
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

A nuclear reaction that occurs when the nuclei of two atoms join to make one of a larger atom. Gives off energy.

51
Q

Nuclear fusion occurs only under very ___ conditions?

A

hot

52
Q

What is nuclear fission?

A

A nuclear reaction that occurs when the nucleus of an atom splits into two smaller nuclei (usually about the same size). Vast amounts of energy are given off.

53
Q

Combustion

A

an exothermic redox reaction between a substance and a gas that releases energy (fuel and oxidizer; releases energy)

chemistry 2020/2021 flashcards (12 decks)

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