Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Describe organic chemistry
Systematic study of the compounds of carbon
Provide 4 substances of which their oxides are not considered organic
- carbon
- carbonates
- carbides
- cyanides
Describe organic compounds
Class of chemical compounds that contain carbon -hydrogen bonds
State a reason supporting the ability of carbon to form a wide range of chemicals
Strength of carbon-carbon bonds
State what carbon can chemically do with itself
Bond
Describe hydrocarbons
Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms
State whether alkanes are classified as aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
State whether alkenes are classified as aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
State whether alkynes are classifed as aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
Describe whether alkanes are saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
Describe whether alkenes are saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated
Describe whether alkynes are saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated
Describe the 2 classifications of cyclic hydrocarbons
- saturated
- unsaturated
Provide 1 example of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons
cyclohexane
Provide 1 example of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons
benzene
Describe saturated hydrocarbons
Contain only single carbon-carbon bonds
Describe unsaturated hydrocarbons
Contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds
Describe cyclic hydrocarbons
Carbon atoms are arranged in a ring
State the simplest arrangement of hydrocarbons
Carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms
State the simplest arrangement of hydrocarbons
Carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms
Describe the solubility of hydrocarbon compounds in water
Insoluble
State whether or not hydrocarbon compounds react with water
No
State whether or not hydrocarbon compounds are soluble in non-polar solvents
Generally soluble
Compare and contrast the electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Electronegativity of C and H is very similar
State whether the C-H bond is polar or non-polar
Non-polar
State whether or not hydrocarbon compounds are polar and non-polar. Explain.
Non-polar due to symmetrical structure
State what increases with the length of the hydrocarbon chain of carbon atoms
Boiling points
State what intermolecular forces are exerted upon the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain
Dispersion forces
State what the size of a hydrocarbon molecule increases
Strength of the dispersion forces
State whether or not the branched structure of a hydrocarbon chain increases or decreases boiling point
If a molecule is branched, this lowers the boiling point
State what the branches in hydrocarbon prevent molecules within the compound from doing
Coming closer together
Describe alkanes
Family of hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms
State the 3 types of hydrocarbon structures
- alkanes
- alkenes
- alkynes
Describe the homologous series
Any series of organic compounds in which each successive member differs by CH2
State the general formula which represents a homologous series of hydrocarbons
CnH2n+2 (where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule)
Describe the main reactions of alkanes
- Combustion
2. Substitution
Describe what alkanes burn in oxygen to form
CO2 and H2O
Describe what alkanes react with chlorine and fluorine to form
Haloalkanes
State the reaction in which alkanes burn in oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O
Combustion reaction
State the reaction in which alkanes react with chlorine and fluorine to produce haloalkanes
Substitution reaction
Describe what alkenes burn in oxygen to form
CO2 and H2O
State the reaction in which alkenes react with hydrogen or halogens
Addition reaction
State the reaction in which alkenes burn in oxygen
Combustion reaction
State what reaction alkenes can undergo to form polymers
Self-addition reaction
Describe alkynes
Family of hydrocarbons containing one triple bond between two carbon atoms
Describe the main reactions of alkynes
- Combustion reaction (oxidation)
2. Addition reaction
Describe isomers
Organic molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
State what alkanes, alkynes and alkenes are all examples of
Homologous series
State the number of bonds characterised by alkanes
Single bond
State the number of bonds characterised by alkenes
Double bond
State the number of bonds characterised by alkynes
Triple bond
State what the carbon backbone of some hydrocarbons can form
A ring
State the functional group of alcohols
-OH
Describe the ending used to identify alcohols
-ol
State the reactions of alcohols
- combustion reaction
State the functional group of carboxylic acids
-COO
Describe the ending used to identify carboxylic acids
-oic acid
State the reactions of carboxylic acids
- reactions with alcohol
State what carboxylic acids form when they react with alcohol
Esters
Describe esters
Group of compounds with strong scent
State the boiling point of most esters
Low boiling points
Describe the ending used to identify esters
-oate
Describe fractional distillation
Mixtures of liquids are separated into fractions based on differences in boiling temperatures
State the 2 types of cracking
- thermal cracking
2. catalytic cracking
Describe cracking
Process that converts large alkane molecules into smaller ones
Describe thermal cracking
Conversion of alkane molecules into smaller ones at high temperatures
Describe catalytic cracking
Conversion of alkane molecules into smaller ones at lower temperatures in the presence of a catalyst
State the prefix used to describe 1 carbon atom
Meth
State the prefix used to describe 2 carbon atoms
Eth
State the prefix used to describe 3 carbon atoms
Prop
State the prefix used to describe 4 carbon atoms
But
State the prefix used to describe 5 carbon atoms
Pent
State the prefix used to describe 6 carbon atoms
Hex
State the prefix used to describe 7 carbon atoms
Hept
State the prefix used to describe 8 carbon atoms
Oct
State the prefix used to describe 9 carbon atoms
Non
State the prefix used to describe 10 carbon atoms
Dec
Describe aliphatic
Organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen in straight, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.
