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Organic chemistry Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Explain separating crude oil (3)

A

1) Heat crude oil so it turns into vapour
2) Vapour eneters fractionating column that has a temperature gradient
3) Fractions condense at different levels because they have different boiling points

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2
Q

Crude oil

A

Is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different carbon chain lengths

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules made up only of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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4
Q

List properties of hydrocarbons change with molecular size

A

1) Intermolecular attraction forces increase
2) Boiling point increases
3) Liquids become less volatile
4) Liquids become viscus
5) Less flammable

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5
Q

less Volatile

A

A liquid evaporates less quickly

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6
Q

more Viscus

A

Liquids take longer to flow , like syrup

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7
Q

How can crude oil be separated? Why?

A

Fractional distillation, as crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons they have different boiling points

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8
Q

Fraction

A

A group of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

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9
Q

What happens to gas molecules during fractional distillation

A

Condensed back into liquid in the condenser

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10
Q

List all the fractions of crude oil starting with lowest boiling point (7)

A

1) Refinery gasses
2) Gasoline (petrol)
3) Naphtha
4) Kerosine
5) Diesel oil (gas oil)
6) Fuel oil
7) Bitumen

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11
Q

Usage of Refinery gasses

A

Bottled gas

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12
Q

Usage of Gasoline (petrol)

A

Fuel for cars

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13
Q

Usage of Naphtha

A

Making chemicals

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14
Q

Usage of Kerosine

A

Aircraft fuel

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15
Q

Usage of Diesel oil

A

Fuel for cars, lorries, buses

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16
Q

Usage of Fuel oil

A

Fuel for ships, power stations

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17
Q

Usage of Bitumen

A

Roads

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18
Q

List factors which are different in small hydrocarbons to large (4)

A

1) Low boiling point
2) Very volatile
3) Flow easily
4) Ignite easily

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19
Q

Why does viscosity change?

A

More bonds, bigger mass, the forces of attraction between the molecules increases. More force is required to break the bonds

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20
Q

Why does flammability change?

A

More bonds, more energy to break the bonds as there are more forces of attraction between the molecules

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21
Q

Alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbon molecule

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22
Q

Saturated

A

An organic compound in which all the bonds are single bonds

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23
Q

What is the generic formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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24
Q

List factors of alkanes (2)

A

1) All have similar structure

2) They have CH3 at each end of the molecule

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25
What is the difference between alkanes
Number of CH2 groups between the two ends
26
Homologous series (4)
A series of organic compounds that.... 1) Have the same generic formula 2) Similar chemical reactions 3) Have a trend in physical properties 4) Where each member differs from the next by -CH2- group
27
Generic formula
Shows the ratio of atom of each element in a member of homologous series
28
What parts in the name of an alkane made out of? (2)
1) Number of carbon atoms in the longest chain | 2) Code for alkanes 'ane'
29
List the code for 1,2,3,4 carbons in the longest chain
1) Meth 2) Eth 3) Prop 4) But
30
Molecular formula
Shows actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. No structure is given
31
What is the molecular formula of Propane
C3H8
32
What is the molecular formula of Ethane
C2H6
33
What is the molecular formula of Butane
C4H10
34
Display formula
Shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule
35
What is the display formula of Propane
CH3-CH2-CH3
36
Isomer
Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different display formula
37
Why when alkanes get longer their boiling point increases?
As molecules get longer - intermolecular forces increase - more energy is required to break the attraction
38
What need to be done in order to boil a liquid?
The forces of attraction have to be broken
39
Give a word equation for complete combustion of methane
Methane + oxygen to carbon dioxide + water
40
Give a chemical equation for complete combustion of methane
CH4 + 2O2 to CO2 + 2H2O
41
Incomplete combustion
In the absence of enough supply of oxygen alkanes may react to form carbon (soot), carbon monoxide and water
42
Equation for combustion methane when black solid is left
CH4 + O2 to C + 2H2O
43
Equation for incomplete combustion methane when gas in given out
CH4 + 1.5 O2 to CO + 2H20
44
Danger of incomplete combustion? Why?
Carbon monoxide is poisonous, as it sticks to the haemoglobin and prevents the uptake of oxygen
45
Alkenes
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. The carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds
46
What is more reactive
Alkenes
47
List the products for which ethene is a staring material (3)
1) Polymers 2) Antifreeze 3) Paints
48
Cracking
Thermal decomposition process, where a big molecule is being split into smaller ones by heating
49
How is industrial cracking carried out?
Oil fraction is heated into a gas and passed over a catalyst at high temperature
50
Why is cracking important?
Produces alkanes with smaller chain, used for fuel as easier to ignite + produces alkenes which are used to make polymers
51
What catalysts can be used during industrial cracking?
1) Silica | 2) Alumina
52
Test for unsaturated hydrocarbons
Bromine water will go from orange to colourless
53
Why is there a change of colour in the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Bromine opens up the double bond
54
Write down a word equation for the test of ethene
Ethene + Bromine to dibromoethane
55
Physical properties of alkenes (4)
1) Similar to alkenes 2) Smaller alkenes (up to four carbons) are gases at rtp 3) Next dozen a liquids 4) Alkenes burn in oxygen
56
Polymers
Long chain molecules made up from joining small molecules called monomers
57
Why polymers take so long to decompose?
They have single bonds and bacteria can't break the links therefore decompose it
58
Problems with polymer waste (3)
1) Take very long to decompose 2) Waste uses up valuable land sites 3) Incineration releases lot of useful energy, CO2 and toxic gases
59
What are the solutions to the problems with plastic waste? (2)
1) Recycle, reduce disposal problems and amount of crude oil used 2) Biodegradable polymers, possible to include chemicals, that cause the break down more quickly
60
What is the problem with recycling polymers?
Different polymers must be separated from each other, difficult and expensive
61
Why plastic windows need no painting?
They resist corrosion
62
Why Polymers lead to problems in environment?
They are not biodegradable because they are inert
63
Inert
Unreactive
64
Not biodegradable
Can not be broken down by decomposers

Chemistry (10 decks)

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