Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
Systematic study of the compounds or carbon excluding oxides, cyanides, carbides and carbonates.
What is an organic compound?
Class of compounds that occur naturally, (but can also be made in labs)
Why can carbon make so much stuff?
Can make foub covalent bonds and bond with itself, once, twice or THREE TIMES and rings and stuff
What is a hydrocarbon?
Molecule of just hydrogen and carbon bonded covalently.
What are saturated vs unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Contains only single carbon carbon bonds in saturated, double or triple in saturated carbons.
What are cyclic hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons where some carbon atoms are arranged in a ring.
What are some properties of hydrocarbons?
GENERALLY Insoluble in water Soluble in non polar solvents Non polar B.p increases as length of hydrocarbon increases
What do branches do to b.p of hydrocarbons?
Lower b.p as the molecules cant get close together
What is a homologous series?
A series of elements that increases by a certain ratio each time.
Eg alkanes increase by CH2 each time
What reactions do alkanes go in?
Combustion
and
Substitution- where halogens take the place of a hydrogen making a haloalkane and for eg HCL
What are isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
They end up with different names and properties because they’re shaped differently
What are alkenes?
family of hydrocarbons with a double bond between carbons.
What reactions for alkENes go in?
Combustion and addition reactions .
In addition reactions the double bond breaks and two hydrogens or halogens join in.
and polymerisation
What is an alKYNE-?
Hydrocarbons containing one triple bond between 2 carbons
What reactions can alkynes go in?
Combustion and addition reactions
What is a cyclic hydrocarbon?
Some hydrocarbons can form a ring with its carbon backbone.
What the aromatic series?
Unsaturated cyclic compounds with a single double single double pattern.
The rings electrons delocalise so its strength is between single and double bonds.
What is a functional group?
Atoms, bonds or group of atoms that give a molecule its specific properties
What is an alcohol?
Carbon chain containing at least one hydroxy (OH) group.
ends with -ol
What are properties of alcohols?
Higher b and m point than corresponding alka/enes due to h bonds
B.p’s increase with size - increased effect of dispersion forces.
smaller alcohols are soluble in water- due to h bonds,
as it gets bigger not so much due to more non polar bits in it
What reactions can hydrogens do?
Combustion in air
What are carboxylic acids?
Homologous series with COOH (carboxy) functional group.
What are some properties of carboxylic acids?
Weak acids, donating a proton from an oxygen.
high b and m point due to h bonds like alcohols.
what is ethanoic acid?
VINEGAR
What reactions do carboxylic acids go into?
Esterification with alcohols producing H20 and and an ester. MAKES H20 - uses H2S04 as catalyst
What does cracking do?
Converts large molecules into smaller, more useful molecules. Done at high temp, or low temp with catalyst
How do we refine crude oil?
Fractional distillation remember bubble caps allow condensation and gasses to rise.
