Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

Large carbohydrates are composed of numerous, relatively simple building blocks called monosaccharides.
They usually contain three, four, five, or six carbons, the most important to humans are five and six carbon sugars

Question 2

Isomers

Answer 2

Molecules that have the same number and types of atoms but differ in their three dimensional arrangement.
Ex: common carbon six sugars, glucose, fructose, and galactose

Question 3

Disaccharides

Answer 3

Are composed of two simple sugars bound together through a dehydration reaction

Question 4

Sucrose

Answer 4

When glucose and fructose combine

Question 5

Polysaccharides

Answer 5

Consist of many monosaccharides bound together to form long chains that are either straight or branched.

Question 6

Glycogen

Answer 6

Or animal starch, is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules

Question 7

Starch

Answer 7

important polysaccharide found in plants composed of long chains of glucose, used as an energy storage molecule

Question 8

Cellulose

Answer 8

Important polysaccharide composed of long chains of glucose, cellulose is an important structural component of plant cell walls

Question 9

Lipids

Answer 9

Second major group of organic molecules common to living systems
Lipids provide: protection, regulation, insulation, vitamins, structure, and energy

Question 10

Fats

Answer 10

Major type of lipid, ingested and broken down by hydrolysis reactions in cells to release energy for use by those cells

Question 11

Triglycerides

Answer 11

Constitute 95% of fats in the body, occasionally called triacylglycerols, consists of two different types of building blocks: one glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 12

Glycerol

Answer 12

A three carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon atom

Question 13

Fatty acids

Answer 13

Consist of a straight chain of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group attached at one end

Question 14

Carboxyl group

Answer 14

Consists of both an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom.

Question 15

Saturated

Answer 15

A fatty acid is saturated if it contains only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Question 16

Unsaturated

Answer 16

If it has one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Question 17

Monounsaturated

Answer 17

Have one double covalent bond between carbon atoms

Question 18

Polyunsaturated fats

Answer 18

Have two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Question 19

Phospholipids

Answer 19

Similar to triglycerides, except that one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a molecule containing phosphate and, usually, nitrogen

Question 20

Hydrophilic

Answer 20

The polar end of the molecule is attracted to water ( the head)

Question 21

Hydrophobic

Answer 21

The nonpolar end is repelled ( the tail of the phospholipid)

Question 22

Eicosanoids

Answer 22

A group of important chemicals derived from fatty acids

Question 23

Prostaglandins

Answer 23

An Eicosanoid that controls the secretion of some hormones, blood clotting, some reproductive functions, and many other processes

Question 24

Steroids

Answer 24

Differ in chemical structure from other lipid molecules, but their solubility characteristics are similar.

Question 25

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 25

Another class of lipids, their structures are not closely related to one another, but they are nonpolar molecules essential for many normal functions of the body

Question 26

Proteins

Answer 26

Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) bound together by covalent bonds, and most proteins contain some sulfur.

Question 27

Amino acid

Answer 27

Basic building blocks of proteins, 20 different molecules

Question 28

Peptide bonds

Answer 28

Covalent bonds formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis

Question 29

Primary structure

Answer 29

The primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids bound by peptide bonds

Question 30

Secondary structure

Answer 30

Results from the folding or bending of polypeptide chain caused by the hydrogen bonds between amino acids

Question 31

Denaturation

Answer 31

Of the hydrogen bonds that maintain the shape of the protein are broken the protein becomes nonfunctional. Ex change in temperature or change in pH of body fluids

Question 32

Tertiary structure

Answer 32

Results from the folding of the helices

Question 33

Domain

Answer 33

The tertiary structure determines the shape of a domain, which is a folded sequence of 100-200 amino acids within a protein

Question 34

Quarternary structure

Answer 34

Refers tot he spatial relationships between the individual subunits

Question 35

Enzyme

Answer 35

A protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without enzymes being permanently changed

Question 36

Active site

Answer 36

The three dimensional shape of enzymes is critical for their normal function because it determines the structure of the enzyme's active site.

Question 37

Lock and key model

Answer 37

The enzyme fits perfectly into the active site like a key in a lock

Question 38

Induced fit model

Answer 38

The enzyme is able to slightly change shape to better fit the reactants

Question 39

Cofactors

Answer 39

To be functional some enzymes require additional, non protein substances called cofactors

Question 40

Lipase

Answer 40

An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids

Question 41

Protease

Answer 41

An enzyme that breaks down proteins

Question 42

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 42

Genetic material of cells and copies of DNA are transferred from one generation of cells to the next generation

Question 43

Ribonucleic acid

Answer 43

Structurally related to DNA, and three types of RNA also play important roles in protein synthesis.

Question 44

Nucleic acid

Answer 44

Large molecules composed of CHON and phosphorus

Question 45

Nucleotides

Answer 45

Both DNA and RNA consist of basic building blocks called nucleotides

Question 46

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

Answer 46

Is an especially important organic molecule found in all living organisms

Question 47

Carbohydrates

Answer 47

- Composed primarily of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms | - important parts of other organic molecules and they can be broken down to provide energy necessary for life