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Anatomy > Chapter 1 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

The study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.

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2
Q

Embryology

A

A subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conceptions to the 8th week of development.

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Examines the structural features of cells

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4
Q

Histology

A

Examines fissures which are cells and the materials surrounding them

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached from either a systemic or regional perspective.

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6
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

The body is studied system by system

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7
Q

Regional anatomy

A

The body is studied area by area

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8
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of the external form of the body and it’s relation to deeper structures

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9
Q

Anatomic imaging

A

X-Ray, MRI, CT, scan, ultrasound, used to create pictures of internal structures

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10
Q

Physiology

A

The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.

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11
Q

Cell physiology

A

Examines the processes occurring in cells

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12
Q

Systemic physiology

A

Considers the functions of organ systems

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13
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Focuses on the nervous system

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14
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Deals with the heart and blood vessels

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15
Q

Pathology

A

Deals with all aspects of disease

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16
Q

Exercise physiology

A

Focuses on the changes in function, but also structure caused by exercise.

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17
Q

In order list the six levels of organization in the human body

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cell level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organism level
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18
Q

Chemical level

A

Atoms combine to form molecules

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19
Q

Cell level

A

Molecules form organelles, such as nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells

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20
Q

Tissue level

A

Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

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21
Q

Organ level

A

Different tissues combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder

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22
Q

Organ system level

A

Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system

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23
Q

Organism level

A

Organ systems make up an organism

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24
Q

List the six characteristics of life

A

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction.

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25
Q

Organization

A

The condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions

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26
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism

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27
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes

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28
Q

Growth

A

Happens when cells increase in size or number

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29
Q

Development

A

Includes the changes and organism undergoes through time, begins with fertilization and ends with death.

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30
Q

Differentiation

A

A change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

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31
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Is the change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

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32
Q

Reproduction

A

The formation of new cells or new organisms.

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33
Q

Homeostasis

A

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

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34
Q

Variables

A

Volume, temperature, and chemical content. All of these must remain within a normal range in order to maintain homeostasis

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35
Q

Set point

A

Homeostatic mechanisms such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value or set point

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36
Q

Normal range

A

Body temperature increases and decreases slightly around a set point to produce a normal range of values

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37
Q

Negative feedback

A

Negative- feedback is used to try and maintain homeostasis, negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller

38
Q

Three components of negative feedback mechanisms

A

Receptor, control center, effector

39
Q

Receptor

A

Monitors the value of some variable such as blood pressure

40
Q

Control center

A

Establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained

41
Q

Effector

A

CN change the value of the variable

42
Q

Stimulus

A

A deviation from the set point

43
Q

Response

A

When the control center alerts the effector of the stimulus the effector produces a response which tends to turn the variable back to set point

44
Q

Positive feedback responses

A

These are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals, these lead away from the set point and in some cases results in death.
Ex: childbirth

45
Q

Anatomy

A

The scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure

46
Q

Etymology

A

The origin or derivation of words

47
Q

Anatomic position

A

Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward

48
Q

Supine

A

When the body is face up

49
Q

Prone

A

When the body is face downward

50
Q

Superior ( proximal)

A

Up

51
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Front

52
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Back

53
Q

Cephalic

A

Means towards the head

54
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail, going downward

55
Q

Ventral

A

Means belly

56
Q

Dorsal

A

Means back

57
Q

Proximal

A

Means nearest

58
Q

Distal

A

Means distant

59
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

60
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

61
Q

Superficial

A

refers to a structure close to the surface of the body

62
Q

Deep

A

Is toward the interior of the body

63
Q

Arm

A

Extends from the shoulder to the elbow

64
Q

Forearm

A

Extends from elbow to wrist

65
Q

Thigh

A

Extends from hip to knee

66
Q

Leg

A

Extends from knee to ankle

67
Q

Central region of the body consists of

A

Head, neck and trunk

68
Q

Trunk can be divided into

A

Thorax and abdomen

69
Q

Four regions of the body

A

Upper left, lower left, upper right, lower right

70
Q

The nine regions of the abdomen include

A

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

71
Q

Planes

A

The body has imaginary flat surfaces called planes that dissect the body into different parts

72
Q

Sagittal (median plane)

A

Divides the body in half splitting right down the midline and separating the legs

73
Q

Transverse ( horizontal plane

A

Cuts the body in half horizontally dividend the body into inferior and superior portions

74
Q

Frontal (coronal)

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

75
Q

Longitudinal section (incision)

A

A cut through the long axis of the organs

76
Q

Transverse or cross

A

A cut at right angles to the long axis

77
Q

Oblique

A

If a cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle it is called an oblique section.

78
Q

Thoracic cavity and mediastinum

A

Surrounded by the rib cage contains the heart lungs etc.

79
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and blood vessels and nerves. It divided the thoracic cavity into right and left parts with the lungs excluded and on either side

80
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains all of the digestive organs and more the diaphragm is directly above it with the pelvic cavity directly below.

81
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

82
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains the bladder, reproductive organs, part of the large intestine.

83
Q

Serous membranes

A

Covers the organs of the trunk cavity and lines the trunk cavities

84
Q

The visceral serous membrane

A

Covers the organ directly

85
Q

Parietal serous membrane

A

The membrane outside of the visceral membrane, there is a cavity between these two

86
Q

GSW directly into the heart list in order the membranes and cavities the bullet traveled through.

A
  1. Parietal pericardium membrane
  2. Pericardial cavity
  3. Visceral pericardium
  4. Heart
87
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Surrounds the heart

88
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Surrounds the lungs

89
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

The abdominopelvic cavity contains this, and keeps many of the organs from rubbing against each other too much

90
Q

Mesenteries

A

Consists of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum to the body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other organs. Anchors organs to the body wall and provides a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the body wall.

91
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs outside of the peritoneum, kidneys, pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the bladder

Anatomy (9 decks)

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