Chapter 1 Test Flashcards
Developmental anatomy
The study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
Embryology
A subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conceptions to the 8th week of development.
Cytology
Examines the structural features of cells
Histology
Examines fissures which are cells and the materials surrounding them
Gross anatomy
The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached from either a systemic or regional perspective.
Systemic anatomy
The body is studied system by system
Regional anatomy
The body is studied area by area
Surface anatomy
The study of the external form of the body and it’s relation to deeper structures
Anatomic imaging
X-Ray, MRI, CT, scan, ultrasound, used to create pictures of internal structures
Physiology
The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
Cell physiology
Examines the processes occurring in cells
Systemic physiology
Considers the functions of organ systems
Neurophysiology
Focuses on the nervous system
Cardiovascular physiology
Deals with the heart and blood vessels
Pathology
Deals with all aspects of disease
Exercise physiology
Focuses on the changes in function, but also structure caused by exercise.
In order list the six levels of organization in the human body
- Chemical level
- Cell level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules
Cell level
Molecules form organelles, such as nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells
Tissue level
Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
Organ level
Different tissues combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder
Organ system level
Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system
Organism level
Organ systems make up an organism
List the six characteristics of life
Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction.
Organization
The condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism
Responsiveness
The ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes
Growth
Happens when cells increase in size or number
Development
Includes the changes and organism undergoes through time, begins with fertilization and ends with death.
Differentiation
A change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
Morphogenesis
Is the change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism
Reproduction
The formation of new cells or new organisms.
Homeostasis
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
Variables
Volume, temperature, and chemical content. All of these must remain within a normal range in order to maintain homeostasis
Set point
Homeostatic mechanisms such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value or set point
Normal range
Body temperature increases and decreases slightly around a set point to produce a normal range of values
Negative feedback
Negative- feedback is used to try and maintain homeostasis, negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller
Three components of negative feedback mechanisms
Receptor, control center, effector
Receptor
Monitors the value of some variable such as blood pressure
Control center
Establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained
Effector
CN change the value of the variable
Stimulus
A deviation from the set point
Response
When the control center alerts the effector of the stimulus the effector produces a response which tends to turn the variable back to set point
Positive feedback responses
These are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals, these lead away from the set point and in some cases results in death.
Ex: childbirth
Anatomy
The scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
Etymology
The origin or derivation of words
Anatomic position
Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward
Supine
When the body is face up
Prone
When the body is face downward
Superior ( proximal)
Up
Anterior (ventral)
Front
Posterior (dorsal)
Back
Cephalic
Means towards the head
Caudal
Towards the tail, going downward
Ventral
Means belly
Dorsal
Means back
Proximal
Means nearest
Distal
Means distant
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Superficial
refers to a structure close to the surface of the body
Deep
Is toward the interior of the body
Arm
Extends from the shoulder to the elbow
Forearm
Extends from elbow to wrist
Thigh
Extends from hip to knee
Leg
Extends from knee to ankle
Central region of the body consists of
Head, neck and trunk
Trunk can be divided into
Thorax and abdomen
Four regions of the body
Upper left, lower left, upper right, lower right
The nine regions of the abdomen include
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Planes
The body has imaginary flat surfaces called planes that dissect the body into different parts
Sagittal (median plane)
Divides the body in half splitting right down the midline and separating the legs
Transverse ( horizontal plane
Cuts the body in half horizontally dividend the body into inferior and superior portions
Frontal (coronal)
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Longitudinal section (incision)
A cut through the long axis of the organs
Transverse or cross
A cut at right angles to the long axis
Oblique
If a cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle it is called an oblique section.
Thoracic cavity and mediastinum
Surrounded by the rib cage contains the heart lungs etc.
Mediastinum
Contains the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and blood vessels and nerves. It divided the thoracic cavity into right and left parts with the lungs excluded and on either side
Abdominal cavity
Contains all of the digestive organs and more the diaphragm is directly above it with the pelvic cavity directly below.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Pelvic cavity
Contains the bladder, reproductive organs, part of the large intestine.
Serous membranes
Covers the organs of the trunk cavity and lines the trunk cavities
The visceral serous membrane
Covers the organ directly
Parietal serous membrane
The membrane outside of the visceral membrane, there is a cavity between these two
GSW directly into the heart list in order the membranes and cavities the bullet traveled through.
- Parietal pericardium membrane
- Pericardial cavity
- Visceral pericardium
- Heart
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds the heart
Pleural cavity
Surrounds the lungs
Peritoneal cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity contains this, and keeps many of the organs from rubbing against each other too much
Mesenteries
Consists of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum to the body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other organs. Anchors organs to the body wall and provides a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the body wall.
Retroperitoneal
Organs outside of the peritoneum, kidneys, pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the bladder
