Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Extra cellular matrix

A

The noncellular substances surrounding the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The 2 most diverse kinds of tissue and why

A

Epithelial and connective,
they are classified by structure
Including cell shapes, relationships of cells to one another, and materials making up the ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What tissue types are classified by functional and structural characteristics

A

Muscle and nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Histology

A

Is the microscopic study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biopsy

A

The process of removing tissue sample for further examination and clinical diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autopsy

A

Is an examination of the organs of a cadaver in order to determine the COD or study the changes caused by disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The 3 embryonic tissue layers (germ layers) and location and example

A

Endoderm- inner layer (digestive tract & derivatives)
Mesoderm- middle layer ( muscle bone and blood vessels)
Ectoderm- outer layer ( skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

A portion of the ectoderm that becomes the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Give rise to parts of the peripheral nerves, skin pigment, tissues of the face, medulla of the adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Apical surface

A

Not attached to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Basement membrane

A

A specialized type of extra cellular material that is secreted by the epithelial cells and by connective tissue cells.
It is the scotch tape that helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of epithelia

A 
Protecting underlying structures
Acting as barriers
Permitting the passage of substances 
Secreting substances 
Absorbing substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Consists of a single layer of cells , with each extending from the basement membrane to the free surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Consists of more than one layer of cells, only the basal layer touches the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pseudo stratified columnar

A

Appears to be stratified but the long columnar cells are really just pressed close together giving a stratified effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Squamous

A

Cells are flat or scalelike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cells are cube-shaped; about as wide as they are tall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Columnar

A

Cells are taller than they are wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Found in areas such as the mouth, esophagus, rectum, and vagina, consists of living cells in the deepest and outermost layers.
MOIST 💦💧☔️❄️🌊🏊🏄

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Found in layers of the skin, consists of living cells in the deepest layers and the outer layers are dead cells containing the protein keratin
DRY 🔥😪😓☀️🌞♨️NOT MOIST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Urinary bladder, ureters, pelvis of the kidney.
The shape and number of cell layers vary, depending on whether the transitional epithelium is stretched or or not.
Function: accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid, protection against the caustic effects of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of cells, appears to be multiple layers but is only one.
Ex: Nasal cavity and sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi
Function: secretes mucus, ciliates tissue moves mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cuboidal cells.
Function: protection and secretion
Location: mammary gland duct, larynx, a portion of the male urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cube shaped cells
Function: secretion, absorption, and protection against infection.
Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and salivary gland ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers of flat cells
Lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina, makes up skin
Function: protects against abrasion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated tissues are in bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus, smooth(non ciliates tissues) are in the digestive tract, bladder.
Function: absorbs, it also secretes mucous and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Single layer of cube like cells, in ducts and secretory portions of small glands in kidney tubules
Function: secrete and absorbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of Very thin cells, alveoli, lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Goblet cells

A

Specialized columnar epithelial cells, responsible for synthesis and secretion of mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Desmosomes

A

Disk shaped structures with especially adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells to one another and intermediate filaments that extend into the cytoplasm of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Tight junctions

A

Hold cells together and form a permeability barrier

Made up of zonula adherens and zonula occludens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Zonula adherens

A

Located between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells and acts like weak glue that holds cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Zonula occludens

A

Forms a permeability barrier. Formed by plasma mebranes of adjacent cells that join one another in a jigsaw fashion to form a tight seal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Gap junction

A

Specialized contact region between cells with protein channels that aid intercellular communication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells are found in specialized cell-to-cell connections called intercalated discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands with ducts lined with epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands that have no ducts and extensive blood vessels in the connective tissue of the glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hormones

A

Cellular products of endocrine glands, secreted into the blood stream and are carried throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Exocrine glands composed of many cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Exocrine glands composed of a single cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Tubules

A

Small tubes, all glands originate from one tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Acini or alveoli

A

Sac like structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Secrete products with no loss of actual cellular material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Discharge fragments of the gland cells in the secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Shed entire cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Blasts

A

Create the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Cytes

A

Maintain the matrix

49
Q

Clasts

A

Break down the matrix for remodeling

50
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that form fibrous connective tissue

51
Q

Fibrocytes

A

Maintain fibrous connective tissue

52
Q

Adipose

A

Fat cells, consist of mainly lipids, adipocytes are single adipose cells

53
Q

Mast cells

A

Commonly found beneath membranes in loose connective tissue and along small blood vessels of organs
Plays an important role in inflammation

54
Q

White blood cells

A

Move all around the body and fight infection

55
Q

Macrophages

A

Found in some connective tissue types Derived from monocytes, a white blood cell type, they are either fixed or wandering throughout the connective tissue, fight infection 👊💪💥

56
Q

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

A

STEM CELLS embryonic cells that persist in adult connective tissue, they have the potential to differentiate and form any adult cell tissue type

57
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Consist of collagen the most common protein in the body, resembles a microscopic rope consisting of three polypeptide chains coiled together

58
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Very fine and short collagen fibers, they branch to form a network and appear different microscopically from other collagen fibers

59
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Contain the protein elastin, these are very flexible

60
Q

Ground substance

A

The shapeless background against which the collagen fibers are seen through the microscope

61
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Long unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of repeating dissacharide units. It is a natural lubricant

62
Q

Proteoglycan

A

Formed from proteins and numerous polysaccharides

Proteoglycan monomers look like small trees

63
Q

Proteoglycan aggregate

A

The protein cores of proteoglycan monomers can attach to a molecule of hyaluronic acid to form a proteoglycan aggregate

64
Q

Adhesive molecules

A

Hold the proteoglycan aggregates together and to structures such as the plasma membrane

65
Q

Chondronectin

A

The ground substance of cartilage

66
Q

Osteonectin

A

He ground substance of bone

67
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue, made up of irregularly shaped fibroblasts
Surrounded by an abundant semi fluid ECM

68
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

Or whartons jelly found in the umbilical chord, the major source of remaining embryonic connective tissue in the newborn

69
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Sometimes referred to as areolar tissue, consists of protein fibers that form a lacy network with numerous fluid-filled spaces.

70
Q

Areolar tissue

A

the loose packing material of most organs and other tissues, attaches skin to underlying tissues

71
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Protein fibers form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extra cellular space.
there are two main groups, regular and irregular

72
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Has protein fibers in the extra cellular matrix that are orientated predominantly in one direction

73
Q

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

A

Has abundant collagen fibers, forms structures such as tendons, resist stretching and give the tissue considerable shape

74
Q

Dense regular elastic connective tissue

A

Consists of parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant elastic fibers

75
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

Made up of dense regular elastic connective tissue, gives the neck strength to stay up right

76
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Contains protein fibers arranged as a mesh work of randomly oriented fibers.

77
Q

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

A

Forms most of the dermis of the skin, the tough inner portion

78
Q

Dense irregular elastic connective tissue

A

Is found in the wall of elastic arteries. Abundant elastic fibers in the tissue

79
Q

Yellow adipose

A

By far the most abundant adipose, appears white at birth but turns yellow with age

80
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Found only in specific areas of the body such as the axillae (armpits), neck, and near the kidneys

81
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Forms the framework of lymphatic tissue such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver

82
Q

Reticular cells

A

Produce the reticular fibers and remain closely attached to them.

83
Q

Cartilage

A

Composed of chonrocytes, located in spaces called lucanae.

Has a very rigid matrix next to bone cartilage is the firmest structure in the body

84
Q

Perichondrium

A

The surface of nearly all cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue

85
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans.
Hyaline forms most of the skeleton before the bones develop in the embryo
Found in areas where strong support and some flexibility I needed, rib cage, trachea, and bronchi

86
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Has more collagen fibers than proteoglycans,
Bundles of collagen fibers dispersed throughout its matrices
Slightly compressible and very tough
Found in areas of the body that experience a great deal of pressure

87
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Has elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans

Found in ears etc.

88
Q

Bone

A

Is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix

89
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells located in the holes of the matrix

90
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Spongy Bone, has many spaces between trabeculae or plates of bone

91
Q

Compact bone

A

More solid with almost no space between many thin layers or lamellae

92
Q

Blood

A

Unusual among the connective tissues because the matrix between cells is liquid. Like many other connective tissue cells blood has an abundant extra cellular matrix

93
Q

Hemopoietic tissue

A

Forms blood cells in adults, found in bone marrow which is the soft connective tissue in the cavities of bones

94
Q

Two types of bone marrow

A

Red marrow

Yellow marrow

95
Q

Red marrow

A

Hemopoietic tissue surrounded by a framework of reticular fibers

96
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Consists of adipose tissue and does not produce blood cells

97
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts or shortens with a force, and is responsible for movement.

98
Q

Striated

A

Microscopic bands or striations can be seen in muscle cells

99
Q

Three types of muscle

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

100
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated voluntary

101
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated involuntary

102
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Nonstriated involuntary

103
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Found in the brain, spinal chore, and nerves, characterized by the ability to conduct electric signals called action potentials

104
Q

Neurons

A

Or nerve cells, the actual conducting cells of nervous tissue

105
Q

Dendrites

A

Usually receive action potentials, much shorter than axons and taper to a fine tip.

106
Q

Axons

A

Usually conduct action potentials away from the cell body

107
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Neurons that posses multiple dendrites and axons

108
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Contains a single dendrite and a single neuron

109
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Has only one axon and no dendrites

110
Q

Neuroglia

A

are the support cells of the brain, spinal chord, and peripheral nerves

111
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Consists of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, a thick layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria, and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle cells

112
Q

Serous membrane

A

Consists of three components, a layer of simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium, it’s basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue

113
Q

Serous fluid

A

Fluid produced by the serous membrane

114
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Consist of modified connective tissue cells either intermixed with part of the dense connective tissue of the joint capsule or separated from the capsule by areolar or adipose tissue

115
Q

Mediators of inflammation

A

Are released or activated in use tissues and the adjacent blood vessels.

116
Q

Edema

A

Increases the pressure in the tissue which can also stimulate neurons and cause the sensation of pain

117
Q

Tissue repair

A

The substitution of viable cells for dead cells and it can occur by regeneration or replacement

118
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of similar cells and the substances surrounding them

Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions