Chapter 4 Flashcards
Extra cellular matrix
The noncellular substances surrounding the cells
4 tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
The 2 most diverse kinds of tissue and why
Epithelial and connective,
they are classified by structure
Including cell shapes, relationships of cells to one another, and materials making up the ECM
What tissue types are classified by functional and structural characteristics
Muscle and nervous
Histology
Is the microscopic study of tissues
Biopsy
The process of removing tissue sample for further examination and clinical diagnosis
Autopsy
Is an examination of the organs of a cadaver in order to determine the COD or study the changes caused by disease
The 3 embryonic tissue layers (germ layers) and location and example
Endoderm- inner layer (digestive tract & derivatives)
Mesoderm- middle layer ( muscle bone and blood vessels)
Ectoderm- outer layer ( skin)
Neuroectoderm
A portion of the ectoderm that becomes the nervous system
Neural crest cells
Give rise to parts of the peripheral nerves, skin pigment, tissues of the face, medulla of the adrenal gland
Apical surface
Not attached to other cells
Basement membrane
A specialized type of extra cellular material that is secreted by the epithelial cells and by connective tissue cells.
It is the scotch tape that helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues
Functions of epithelia
Protecting underlying structures Acting as barriers Permitting the passage of substances Secreting substances Absorbing substances
Simple epithelium
Consists of a single layer of cells , with each extending from the basement membrane to the free surface
Stratified epithelium
Consists of more than one layer of cells, only the basal layer touches the basement membrane
Pseudo stratified columnar
Appears to be stratified but the long columnar cells are really just pressed close together giving a stratified effect
Squamous
Cells are flat or scalelike
Cuboidal
Cells are cube-shaped; about as wide as they are tall
Columnar
Cells are taller than they are wide
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Found in areas such as the mouth, esophagus, rectum, and vagina, consists of living cells in the deepest and outermost layers.
MOIST 💦💧☔️❄️🌊🏊🏄
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Found in layers of the skin, consists of living cells in the deepest layers and the outer layers are dead cells containing the protein keratin
DRY 🔥😪😓☀️🌞♨️NOT MOIST
Transitional epithelium
Urinary bladder, ureters, pelvis of the kidney.
The shape and number of cell layers vary, depending on whether the transitional epithelium is stretched or or not.
Function: accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid, protection against the caustic effects of urine
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Single layer of cells, appears to be multiple layers but is only one.
Ex: Nasal cavity and sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi
Function: secretes mucus, ciliates tissue moves mucus
Stratified columnar
Multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cuboidal cells.
Function: protection and secretion
Location: mammary gland duct, larynx, a portion of the male urethra
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Multiple layers of cube shaped cells
Function: secretion, absorption, and protection against infection.
Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and salivary gland ducts
Stratified epithelium
Multiple layers of flat cells
Lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina, makes up skin
Function: protects against abrasion.
Simple columnar epithelium
Ciliated tissues are in bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus, smooth(non ciliates tissues) are in the digestive tract, bladder.
Function: absorbs, it also secretes mucous and enzymes
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cube like cells, in ducts and secretory portions of small glands in kidney tubules
Function: secrete and absorbs
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of Very thin cells, alveoli, lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Goblet cells
Specialized columnar epithelial cells, responsible for synthesis and secretion of mucus
Desmosomes
Disk shaped structures with especially adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells to one another and intermediate filaments that extend into the cytoplasm of the cell.
Tight junctions
Hold cells together and form a permeability barrier
Made up of zonula adherens and zonula occludens
Zonula adherens
Located between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells and acts like weak glue that holds cells together
Zonula occludens
Forms a permeability barrier. Formed by plasma mebranes of adjacent cells that join one another in a jigsaw fashion to form a tight seal
Gap junction
Specialized contact region between cells with protein channels that aid intercellular communication.
Intercalated discs
Gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells are found in specialized cell-to-cell connections called intercalated discs
Exocrine glands
Glands with ducts lined with epithelium
Endocrine glands
Glands that have no ducts and extensive blood vessels in the connective tissue of the glands
Hormones
Cellular products of endocrine glands, secreted into the blood stream and are carried throughout the body
Multicellular glands
Exocrine glands composed of many cells
Unicellular glands
Exocrine glands composed of a single cells
Tubules
Small tubes, all glands originate from one tubule
Acini or alveoli
Sac like structures
Merocrine glands
Secrete products with no loss of actual cellular material
Apocrine glands
Discharge fragments of the gland cells in the secretion
Holocrine glands
Shed entire cells
Blasts
Create the matrix
Cytes
Maintain the matrix
Clasts
Break down the matrix for remodeling
Fibroblasts
Cells that form fibrous connective tissue
Fibrocytes
Maintain fibrous connective tissue
Adipose
Fat cells, consist of mainly lipids, adipocytes are single adipose cells
Mast cells
Commonly found beneath membranes in loose connective tissue and along small blood vessels of organs
Plays an important role in inflammation
White blood cells
Move all around the body and fight infection
Macrophages
Found in some connective tissue types Derived from monocytes, a white blood cell type, they are either fixed or wandering throughout the connective tissue, fight infection 👊💪💥
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
STEM CELLS embryonic cells that persist in adult connective tissue, they have the potential to differentiate and form any adult cell tissue type
Collagen fibers
Consist of collagen the most common protein in the body, resembles a microscopic rope consisting of three polypeptide chains coiled together
Reticular fibers
Very fine and short collagen fibers, they branch to form a network and appear different microscopically from other collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Contain the protein elastin, these are very flexible
Ground substance
The shapeless background against which the collagen fibers are seen through the microscope
Hyaluronic acid
Long unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of repeating dissacharide units. It is a natural lubricant
Proteoglycan
Formed from proteins and numerous polysaccharides
Proteoglycan monomers look like small trees
Proteoglycan aggregate
The protein cores of proteoglycan monomers can attach to a molecule of hyaluronic acid to form a proteoglycan aggregate
Adhesive molecules
Hold the proteoglycan aggregates together and to structures such as the plasma membrane
Chondronectin
The ground substance of cartilage
Osteonectin
He ground substance of bone
Mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue, made up of irregularly shaped fibroblasts
Surrounded by an abundant semi fluid ECM
Mucous connective tissue
Or whartons jelly found in the umbilical chord, the major source of remaining embryonic connective tissue in the newborn
Loose connective tissue
Sometimes referred to as areolar tissue, consists of protein fibers that form a lacy network with numerous fluid-filled spaces.
Areolar tissue
the loose packing material of most organs and other tissues, attaches skin to underlying tissues
Dense connective tissue
Protein fibers form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extra cellular space.
there are two main groups, regular and irregular
Dense regular connective tissue
Has protein fibers in the extra cellular matrix that are orientated predominantly in one direction
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
Has abundant collagen fibers, forms structures such as tendons, resist stretching and give the tissue considerable shape
Dense regular elastic connective tissue
Consists of parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant elastic fibers
Nuchal ligament
Made up of dense regular elastic connective tissue, gives the neck strength to stay up right
Dense irregular connective tissue
Contains protein fibers arranged as a mesh work of randomly oriented fibers.
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
Forms most of the dermis of the skin, the tough inner portion
Dense irregular elastic connective tissue
Is found in the wall of elastic arteries. Abundant elastic fibers in the tissue
Yellow adipose
By far the most abundant adipose, appears white at birth but turns yellow with age
Brown adipose tissue
Found only in specific areas of the body such as the axillae (armpits), neck, and near the kidneys
Reticular tissue
Forms the framework of lymphatic tissue such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver
Reticular cells
Produce the reticular fibers and remain closely attached to them.
Cartilage
Composed of chonrocytes, located in spaces called lucanae.
Has a very rigid matrix next to bone cartilage is the firmest structure in the body
Perichondrium
The surface of nearly all cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans.
Hyaline forms most of the skeleton before the bones develop in the embryo
Found in areas where strong support and some flexibility I needed, rib cage, trachea, and bronchi
Fibrocartilage
Has more collagen fibers than proteoglycans,
Bundles of collagen fibers dispersed throughout its matrices
Slightly compressible and very tough
Found in areas of the body that experience a great deal of pressure
Elastic cartilage
Has elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans
Found in ears etc.
Bone
Is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix
Osteocytes
Bone cells located in the holes of the matrix
Cancellous bone
Spongy Bone, has many spaces between trabeculae or plates of bone
Compact bone
More solid with almost no space between many thin layers or lamellae
Blood
Unusual among the connective tissues because the matrix between cells is liquid. Like many other connective tissue cells blood has an abundant extra cellular matrix
Hemopoietic tissue
Forms blood cells in adults, found in bone marrow which is the soft connective tissue in the cavities of bones
Two types of bone marrow
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Red marrow
Hemopoietic tissue surrounded by a framework of reticular fibers
Yellow marrow
Consists of adipose tissue and does not produce blood cells
Muscle tissue
Contracts or shortens with a force, and is responsible for movement.
Striated
Microscopic bands or striations can be seen in muscle cells
Three types of muscle
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
Skeletal muscle
Striated voluntary
Cardiac muscle
Striated involuntary
Smooth muscle
Nonstriated involuntary
Nervous tissue
Found in the brain, spinal chore, and nerves, characterized by the ability to conduct electric signals called action potentials
Neurons
Or nerve cells, the actual conducting cells of nervous tissue
Dendrites
Usually receive action potentials, much shorter than axons and taper to a fine tip.
Axons
Usually conduct action potentials away from the cell body
Multipolar neurons
Neurons that posses multiple dendrites and axons
Bipolar neurons
Contains a single dendrite and a single neuron
Unipolar neurons
Has only one axon and no dendrites
Neuroglia
are the support cells of the brain, spinal chord, and peripheral nerves
Mucous membrane
Consists of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, a thick layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria, and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle cells
Serous membrane
Consists of three components, a layer of simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium, it’s basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue
Serous fluid
Fluid produced by the serous membrane
Synovial membranes
Consist of modified connective tissue cells either intermixed with part of the dense connective tissue of the joint capsule or separated from the capsule by areolar or adipose tissue
Mediators of inflammation
Are released or activated in use tissues and the adjacent blood vessels.
Edema
Increases the pressure in the tissue which can also stimulate neurons and cause the sensation of pain
Tissue repair
The substitution of viable cells for dead cells and it can occur by regeneration or replacement
Tissues
Collections of similar cells and the substances surrounding them
