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Anatomy > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypodermis

A

The skin rests on this, it is like the foundation to a house, the hypodermis attaches to underlying bone and muscle and supplies to nerves and blood vessels
Consisted of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers
Contains mainly: fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes
💥 hypodermis is not part of the skin, is sometimes called subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia.
Half the body’s far is in the hypodermis

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2
Q

Dermis

A

The tissue layer connected to the hypodermis
Responsible for structural strength of the skin
Composed of: fibroblasts, adipose cells, connective tissue, macrophages
Divided into two layers

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Is a layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis

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4
Q

5 major functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Protection- against abrasion, ultraviolet light, and prevents entry of microorganisms, prevents dehydration by reducing water loss
  2. Sensation- can detect heat, cold, touch, pain, pressure
  3. Temperature regulation- by controlling blood flow and sweat glands
  4. Vitamin D production- exposure to ultraviolet light makes vitamin D
  5. Excretion- waste is released through sweat glands
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5
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Reticular layer- deeper layer

Papillary layer- more superficial

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6
Q

Cleavage or tension lines

A

The elastin or collagen fibers are oriented more in some directions than others

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7
Q

Striae or stretch marks

A

If the skin is over stretched, the dermis may rupture and leave lines that are visible through the epidermis

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8
Q

Papillae

A

The papillary layer derives it’s name from projections called papillae that extend toward the epidermis

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Responsible for structural strength and permeability characteristics of the epidermis.
Most cells in the epidermis are called this because they produce keratin

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

Contain melanin and contribute to skin color

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11
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Are part of the immune system

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12
Q

Merkel’s cells

A

Specialized epidermal cells associated with nerve endings responsible for detecting light tough and superficial pressure.

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13
Q

Desquamate

A

As new cells are formed, they push older cells to the surface where they slough off, or desquamate

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14
Q

Keratinization

A

As cells move towards the surface of the skin to eventually fall off they change shape and chemical composition

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15
Q

Strata

A

On the basis of these stages the many layers of cells in the epidermis are divided into regions, or strata.

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16
Q

Five strata of the epidermis

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidium 
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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17
Q

Stratum basale

A

Cells divide by mitosis and some newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata

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18
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Keratin fibers and lamellar bodies accumulate

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19
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Keratohyalin granules accumulate and a hard protein envelope forms beneath the plasma membrane, lamellar bodies release lipids; cells die.

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20
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

The cells are dead and contain dispersed keratohyalin

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21
Q

Stratum corneum

A

The dead cells have a hard protein envelope, contain keratin, and are surrounded by lipids.

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22
Q

Lamellar bodies

A

Additional keratin fibers and lipid-filled, membrane bounded organelles called lamellar bodies are formed inside the keratinocytes

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23
Q

Cornfield cells

A

Dead cells with hard protein envelope that are filled with protein keratin

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24
Q

Thick skin

A

Has all five epithelial strata, and the stratum corneum has many layers, thick skin is found areas subject to pressure or friction such as the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and fingertips.

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25
Q

Thin skin

A

Covers the rest of the body and is more flexible than thick skin is

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26
Q

Callus

A

In skin subjected to friction or pressure, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases to produce a thickened area called a callus

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27
Q

Corn

A

The akin over bony prominences may develop a cone-shaped structure called corn.

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28
Q

Melanin

A

Is the term used to describe a group of pigments responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
Melanin also provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun

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29
Q

Melanocytes

A

Melanin is produced by this,
They are irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the keratinocytes of the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum

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30
Q

Albinism

A

Usually is a recessive genetic trait causing an inability to produce tyrosinase

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31
Q

Melanosomes

A

The Golgi apparatuses of the melanocytes package melanin into vesicles called melanosomes which move into the cell processes of the melanocytes

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32
Q

Cyanosis

A

A decrease in blood flow such as occurs in shock can make the skin appear pale, and a decrease in the blood oxygen content produces cyanosis, a blueish skin color 💦💦💧🐬🐳🐟🐋☔️🌊😨💙💎🌀🏊📘📫📪📬📭💻🎐🗾🗻🚘🚙💺🚾🚰🅿️♿️🚭🈂Ⓜ️🛂🛄🛅🛃🏧💠➿🔵🔷🔹

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33
Q

Carotene

A

A yellow pigment found in plants such as carrots and corn, humans inject as a source of vitamin A. Carotene is lipid soluble so when large amounts are ingested excess can accumulate in the stratum corneum turning the skin yellow 🌟💫💛👑😮😬😶😯😑😧😦😟😖😆😏☀️⭐️⚡️🍋🌽🍌🍟✏️📒🚜⚠️🚕🚤🚚🏫🌞🌝🌛🌙🌜🌛🌕🐱🐤🐥

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34
Q

Lanugo

A

Delicate I pigmented hair that covers a fetus about 5-6 months along

35
Q

Terminal hairs

A

Near the time of birth the lanugo falls out 💆💇💁 and terminal hairs grow on the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelids.

36
Q

Vellum hairs

A

Replace lanugo and cover the rest of the body where the terminal hairs are not

37
Q

Hair is divided into

A

The shaft and root

38
Q

The hair shaft and root

A

What we can see above the surface of the skin

The root is under the skin

39
Q

Hair bulb

A

At the base of the root

40
Q

Three concentric layers of hair and their definition

A

Medulla- central axis of the hair, consisting of two or three layers of cells containing soft keratin
Cortex- forms the bulk of the hair and consists of cells containing hard keratin.
Cuticle- a single layer that forms the hair surface.

41
Q

The hair follicle consists of two things?

A

Dermal root sheath and epithelial root sheath

42
Q

Dermal root sheath

A

Is the portion of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath

43
Q

Epithelial root sheath

A

Is divided into an external and internal part

44
Q

Matrix

A

Inside the hair bulb is a mass of undifferentiated epithelial cells, the matrix, which produces the hair and the internal epithelial root sheath.

45
Q

Growth stage

A

Hair is formed by cells of the matrix that differentiate, become keratinized, and die.
The hair becomes longer as cells are added at the base of the hair root

46
Q

Resting period

A

Occurs after the growth stage in which growth ceases and when hair falls out and is being replaced

47
Q

Arrector pili

A

Extend from the dermal root to the papillary layer of the dermis, normally hair follicles are at oblique angles. When the Arrector pili contracts it pulls the hair straight up. (Goose bumps)

48
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Located in the dermis and are simple or compound alveolar glands that produce sebum.

49
Q

Two types of sweat or sudoriferous glands

A

Merocrine (eccrine)- most common type simple coiled tubular glands, responsible for cooling the skin.
Apocrine- responsible for body Oder

50
Q

Isotonic fluid

A

Sweat, which contains salt, produced by the sweat glands

51
Q

Ceremonious glands

A

Modified Merocrine sweat glands located in the ear canal and produces cerumen (earwax)

52
Q

Cerumen

A

Earwax. Along with hairs it Protects the ear canal and eardrum by preventing the dirt of small insects.

53
Q

Mammary glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands located in the breasts

54
Q

Nail

A

Consists of the nail root and the distal nail body

55
Q

Nail root

A

Covered by skin and the nail body is the visible potion of the nail.

56
Q

Nail fold

A

The lateral and proximal edges of the nail are covered by skin called the nail fold

57
Q

Nail groove

A

The sides are held in place by the nail groove, where hang nails form

58
Q

Eponychium

A

Or cuticle, where the stratum corneum of the nail fold grows under the nail

59
Q

Hyponychium

A

Beneath the free edges of the nail, skin under where nail is trimmed

60
Q

Nail matrix

A

Where the nail root extend distally, under the lunula

61
Q

Lunula

A

Seen through the nail body at the base of the nails on the thumb

62
Q

Jaundice

A

A yellowing if the skin due to the accumulation of excess bile pigments in the blood stream

63
Q

Impetigo

A

Usually affects children

Small blisters containing pus that easily rupture and form a thick yellowish crust

64
Q

Erysipelas

A

(Streptococcus pyogenes) swollen red patches of the skin

65
Q

Burns are often affected by what

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which produces a blue- green puss caused by bacterial pigment

66
Q

Acne

A

A disorder of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, the exact cause is unknown though

67
Q

Well known infections of the skin

A

Chicken pox
German measles
Cold sores
Warts

68
Q

Ringworm

A

A fungal infection that affects the keratinized portion of the skin, hair, and nails, produces patchy scaling and an inflammatory response

69
Q

Decubitus ulcers

A

Also known as bed sores, Maggie in million dollar baby

70
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced circulation

71
Q

Necrosis

A

Destruction of the hypodermis or deeper tissue which is followed by necrosis of the skin and one that occurs on the skin microorganisms can gain entry and produce ulcers

72
Q

Bullae

A

Blisters

73
Q

Psoriasis

A

Thicker than normal stratum corneum that sloughs to produce large silvery scales. If the scales are scraped away bleeding occurs from the blood vessels at the top of the dermal papillae

74
Q

Eczema and dermatitis

A

General terms used for inflammatory conditions of the skin.

75
Q

Strawberry brithmarks

A

A mass of soft elevated tissue that appears bright red to deep purple in color and usually disappear by age 7

76
Q

Portwine stains

A

Appears as flat dull red or bluish patches that persist throughout life

77
Q

Vitiligo

A

Development of patches of white skin because the melanocytes in the affected area are destroyed

78
Q

Mole

A

Elevation of the skin that is variable in size and is often pigmented and hairy

79
Q

Skin cancer

A

Most common type of cancer

80
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

The most frequent skin cancer begins in the stratum basale and extends to the dermis to produce and open ulcer

81
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Developed from stratum spinosum keratinocytes that continue to divide as they produce keratin, typically the result is a nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the epidermis, but it can invade the dermis, metastasize and cause death

82
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Less common form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes usually in a preexisting mole.

83
Q

Edema

A

A swelling of tissues

84
Q

Debridement

A

The removal of dead tissue from the burn, helps prevent infection s by cleaning the wound and removing tissue in which infections could develop.

Anatomy (9 decks)

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