Organic Chemistry Flashcards by ri downing

Dicarboxylic acid- hexanedioic acid

HOOCCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COOH

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What is condensation polymerisation

The addition of two monomers which releases a small molecule- normally water

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Diamine- diaminohexane

H2 NCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

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Complete combustion

Propane + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

C3H8 + 5O2 –> 3CO2 + 3H2O

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Incomplete combustion

Ethane + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + carbon (soot) + water

C2H6 + 2O2 –> CO + C + 3H2O

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What is complete combustion

When an alkane is burned in excess oxygen

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What is incomplete combustion

When and alkane is burned and there isn’t enough oxygen for complete combustion

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What is a hydrocarbon

Substance made only from carbon and hydrogen atoms

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Fractional distillation from top to bottom

Refinery gases
Gasoline (LGP)
Naptha
Kerosine
Diesel
Fuel oil (refinery gases)
Bitumin

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How does temperature differ in the fractional distillation column

Increases in temperature as you move downwards

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What physical property of hydrocarbon separates them in fractional distillation

Boiling point

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How does the fractional distillation column work

The temperature changes throughout the the column so that the different fractions boil and different points and are released as gas at different levels

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Why use fractionating columns

Allows crude oil to separated into different fractions and used according to their different properties

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What is a functional group

The part of a molecule which gives it it’s functional purpose

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Alkene general formula

CnH2n

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Alkane general formula

CnH2n+2

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Test for alkane vs Alkene

When an Alkene is mixed with bromine water it turns colourless as the double bond is broken so bromine atoms are separated

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First 4 alkenes

Ethene (C2H4)
Propene (C3H6)
Butene (C4H8)
Pentene (C5H10)

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Bromine water reaction

Methane + bromine –> bromomethane

CH4 + Br2 –> CH3Br +HBr

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What’s an addition reaction

Alkenes + halogens

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First 4 alkanes

Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane(C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)

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Isomer of butane

Methylpropane

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Isomer of pentane

Methylbutane

Dimethylpropane

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Isomer of butene

But-1-ene
But-2-ene
Methylpropene

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Why does fractional distillation work

Crude oil is a mixture and the compounds are not chemically bonded

What does the term 'sweet and sour mean'

Term applied to crude oil when the hydrocarbons don't contain sulphur only hydrogen and carbon

Difference between cyclopropane and propane

Cyclopropane has one hydrogen less

What other physical properties differ in the fractional distillation column and how

Viscosity Carbon atoms Increases downwards

Order ethane, propane, butane and pentane in most to least viscous

Pentane Butane Propane Ethane

Order ethane, propane, butane and pentane in most to least volatile

Ethane Propane Butane Pentane

Why does propane have a higher boiling point than methane

Propane has more covalent bonds/more electrons so more intermolecular forces must be broken

What's isomerism

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different displayed formula (isomers)

Problems caused by carbon

Pollution- global dimming and smog | Breathing problems

Why can nitrogen and oxygen react in a car engine

Nitrogen is normally very un reactive but in vigorous conditions in car engine with high heat atoms will have a lot of engine and will react

Environmental problems caused my oxides of nitrogen

Nitrous oxide and sulphuric dioxide leads to acid rain

Describe experience for ethene

Bromine water is orange Ethenes double bond reacts and bond between two bromine atoms is split This turns it colourless

Temp and atmosphere for catalytic cracking

600 degrees | Porcelain chips

Name of monomer into name of polymer

Add poly to start of name

How do addition and condensation polymerisation differ

Addition is only one monomer Condensation is two alternating monomers Condensation a small molecule is released

Product made from polypropene

Plastic ropes

What is nylon

Polyamide

Yeast fermentation with oxygen

C6H12O6 + 9O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Yeast fermentation without oxygen equation

C6H12O6 --> 2CO2 + 2CH5OH

How does yeast react with no oxygen

It respites anaerobically

How to distil alcohol

Filter the mixture through filter paper and funnel into a boiling tube Put bung into boiling tube with delivery tube and but the boiling tube into boiling water The alcohol should distil

Distilled ethanol

Ethanol distillate

Does ethanol distillate ignite easily

Yes but the liquid does ignite, the fumes above it does

Flame from ignited ethanol distillate

Blue on surface and orange further up

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Combustion of ethanol equation

2C2H5OH + 3O2 --> 2CO2 + 3H2O

Hydration process

Alkenes from cracking are reacted with steam phosphoric acid catalyst at 300 degrees and 60 atmospheres

Ethene +water

Ethanol

Why is ethanol produced synthetically not carbon neutral

It doesn't take any CO2 from the atmosphere but it emits carbon monoxide and produces carbon

Why is ethanol produced through fermentation carbon neutral

Because it begins with photosynthesis which takes CO2 from the atmosphere so when it emits some, it does not exceed what it has taken

What's ethene used for

Synthesising ethanol for fuel | Making plastics

Benefits of dehydrating alcohol

Alternative fuel source and its a different way of making Alkenes

What happens during dehydration

The molecules functional group is changed

Why dehydrate ethanol

Produces a fuel as you can't use Alkenes as fuel because they don't combust clearly of produce much what energy

Oxidation

Adding an oxygen with a double bond turns and alcohol into a carboxylic acid

Oxidation and electron number

Directly proportional

Oxidation

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Gaining electrons

When you leave an alcohol exposed to air what happens

It oxidises and become vinegar

Acid + carbonate -->

Carbon dioxide + salt + water

Ethanoate and sodium

The sodium is electrostatically bonded and this makes an ionic compound

Homologous series

Series of organic compounds which have the same general formula similar reactions but differ by CH2 group

General formula

States ratio of atoms in a homologous series

Isomerism

Compounds with same molecular formula and differed displayed formula- isomers

Isomer of butene

Mehypropene

And alkene + bromine water

Dibromethene

Viscosity, boiling point and carbon atoms in fractional column

Increases downwards

Dangers of carbon monoxide

Resources the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen as it binds to haemoglobin

Cracking conditions

Silica/alumina as catalyst | 600-700 degrees

What's does cracking do

Turns a long chain alkane into a shorter chain alkane and and alkene

Uses of fractions in column

``` Refinery gases- bottle gas Gasoline- petrol for cars Kerosene- fuel for aeroplanes Diesel oil- fuel for large vehicles Fuel oil- fuel for ships Bitumen- road surfaces ```