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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

Dicarboxylic acid- hexanedioic acid

A

HOOCCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COOH

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1
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

The addition of two monomers which releases a small molecule- normally water

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2
Q

Diamine- diaminohexane

A

H2 NCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

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3
Q

Complete combustion

A

Propane + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

C3H8 + 5O2 –> 3CO2 + 3H2O

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4
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Ethane + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + carbon (soot) + water

C2H6 + 2O2 –> CO + C + 3H2O

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5
Q

What is complete combustion

A

When an alkane is burned in excess oxygen

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6
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

When and alkane is burned and there isn’t enough oxygen for complete combustion

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7
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

Substance made only from carbon and hydrogen atoms

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8
Q

Fractional distillation from top to bottom

A 
Refinery gases
Gasoline (LGP)
Naptha
Kerosine
Diesel
Fuel oil (refinery gases)
Bitumin
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9
Q

How does temperature differ in the fractional distillation column

A

Increases in temperature as you move downwards

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10
Q

What physical property of hydrocarbon separates them in fractional distillation

A

Boiling point

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11
Q

How does the fractional distillation column work

A

The temperature changes throughout the the column so that the different fractions boil and different points and are released as gas at different levels

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12
Q

Why use fractionating columns

A

Allows crude oil to separated into different fractions and used according to their different properties

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13
Q

What is a functional group

A

The part of a molecule which gives it it’s functional purpose

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14
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

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15
Q

Alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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16
Q

Test for alkane vs Alkene

A

When an Alkene is mixed with bromine water it turns colourless as the double bond is broken so bromine atoms are separated

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17
Q

First 4 alkenes

A

Ethene (C2H4)
Propene (C3H6)
Butene (C4H8)
Pentene (C5H10)

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18
Q

Bromine water reaction

A

Methane + bromine –> bromomethane

CH4 + Br2 –> CH3Br +HBr

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19
Q

What’s an addition reaction

A

Alkenes + halogens

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20
Q

First 4 alkanes

A

Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane(C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)

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21
Q

Isomer of butane

A

Methylpropane

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22
Q

Isomer of pentane

A

Methylbutane

Dimethylpropane

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23
Q

Isomer of butene

A

But-1-ene
But-2-ene
Methylpropene

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24
Q

Why does fractional distillation work

A

Crude oil is a mixture and the compounds are not chemically bonded

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25
Q

What does the term ‘sweet and sour mean’

A

Term applied to crude oil when the hydrocarbons don’t contain sulphur only hydrogen and carbon

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26
Q

Difference between cyclopropane and propane

A

Cyclopropane has one hydrogen less

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27
Q

What other physical properties differ in the fractional distillation column and how

A

Viscosity
Carbon atoms

Increases downwards

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28
Q

Order ethane, propane, butane and pentane in most to least viscous

A

Pentane
Butane
Propane
Ethane

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29
Q

Order ethane, propane, butane and pentane in most to least volatile

A

Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

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30
Q

Why does propane have a higher boiling point than methane

A

Propane has more covalent bonds/more electrons so more intermolecular forces must be broken

31
Q

What’s isomerism

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different displayed formula (isomers)

32
Q

Problems caused by carbon

A

Pollution- global dimming and smog

Breathing problems

33
Q

Why can nitrogen and oxygen react in a car engine

A

Nitrogen is normally very un reactive but in vigorous conditions in car engine with high heat atoms will have a lot of engine and will react

34
Q

Environmental problems caused my oxides of nitrogen

A

Nitrous oxide and sulphuric dioxide leads to acid rain

35
Q

Describe experience for ethene

A

Bromine water is orange
Ethenes double bond reacts and bond between two bromine atoms is split
This turns it colourless

36
Q

Temp and atmosphere for catalytic cracking

A

600 degrees

Porcelain chips

37
Q

Name of monomer into name of polymer

A

Add poly to start of name

38
Q

How do addition and condensation polymerisation differ

A

Addition is only one monomer
Condensation is two alternating monomers
Condensation a small molecule is released

39
Q

Product made from polypropene

A

Plastic ropes

40
Q

What is nylon

A

Polyamide

41
Q

Yeast fermentation with oxygen

A

C6H12O6 + 9O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

42
Q

Yeast fermentation without oxygen equation

A

C6H12O6 –> 2CO2 + 2CH5OH

43
Q

How does yeast react with no oxygen

A

It respites anaerobically

44
Q

How to distil alcohol

A

Filter the mixture through filter paper and funnel into a boiling tube
Put bung into boiling tube with delivery tube and but the boiling tube into boiling water
The alcohol should distil

45
Q

Distilled ethanol

A

Ethanol distillate

46
Q

Does ethanol distillate ignite easily

A

Yes but the liquid does ignite, the fumes above it does

47
Q

Flame from ignited ethanol distillate

A

Blue on surface and orange further up

48
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

49
Q

Combustion of ethanol equation

A

2C2H5OH + 3O2 –> 2CO2 + 3H2O

50
Q

Hydration process

A

Alkenes from cracking are reacted with steam phosphoric acid catalyst at 300 degrees and 60 atmospheres

51
Q

Ethene +water

A

Ethanol

52
Q

Why is ethanol produced synthetically not carbon neutral

A

It doesn’t take any CO2 from the atmosphere but it emits carbon monoxide and produces carbon

53
Q

Why is ethanol produced through fermentation carbon neutral

A

Because it begins with photosynthesis which takes CO2 from the atmosphere so when it emits some, it does not exceed what it has taken

54
Q

What’s ethene used for

A

Synthesising ethanol for fuel

Making plastics

55
Q

Benefits of dehydrating alcohol

A

Alternative fuel source and its a different way of making Alkenes

56
Q

What happens during dehydration

A

The molecules functional group is changed

57
Q

Why dehydrate ethanol

A

Produces a fuel as you can’t use Alkenes as fuel because they don’t combust clearly of produce much what energy

58
Q

Oxidation

A

Adding an oxygen with a double bond turns and alcohol into a carboxylic acid

59
Q

Oxidation and electron number

A

Directly proportional

60
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

61
Q

Reduction

A

Gaining electrons

62
Q

When you leave an alcohol exposed to air what happens

A

It oxidises and become vinegar

63
Q

Acid + carbonate –>

A

Carbon dioxide + salt + water

64
Q

Ethanoate and sodium

A

The sodium is electrostatically bonded and this makes an ionic compound

65
Q

Homologous series

A

Series of organic compounds which have the same general formula similar reactions but differ by CH2 group

66
Q

General formula

A

States ratio of atoms in a homologous series

67
Q

Isomerism

A

Compounds with same molecular formula and differed displayed formula- isomers

68
Q

Isomer of butene

A

Mehypropene

69
Q

And alkene + bromine water

A

Dibromethene

70
Q

Viscosity, boiling point and carbon atoms in fractional column

A

Increases downwards

70
Q

Dangers of carbon monoxide

A

Resources the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen as it binds to haemoglobin

71
Q

Cracking conditions

A

Silica/alumina as catalyst

600-700 degrees

72
Q

What’s does cracking do

A

Turns a long chain alkane into a shorter chain alkane and and alkene

73
Q

Uses of fractions in column

A 
Refinery gases- bottle gas
Gasoline- petrol for cars
Kerosene- fuel for aeroplanes 
Diesel oil- fuel for large vehicles 
Fuel oil- fuel for ships
Bitumen- road surfaces

Chemistry (13 decks)

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