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chemistry igcse draft > organic chemistry 2 > Flashcards

organic chemistry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

homologous series

A

family of compounds, same functional group, similiar chemical properties and physical properties

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2
Q

functional group

A

part of molecule that largely dictates how molecule will behave

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3
Q

what are alchols functional group

A

OH- hydroxide

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4
Q

what is alchols general formula

A

Cn H2n+2 O

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5
Q

isomers

A

molecules with same molecular formula but different structures

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6
Q

what are some uses for alchols

A

fuels, drink, clean, sterilize

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7
Q

what alchols are normally used as fuels

A

methanol and ethanol

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8
Q

what type of fuel is ethanl

A

ethanol is a biofuel in cars, burns with clean blue flame

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9
Q

combustion of ethanol word equation

A

ethanol + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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10
Q

biofuel

A

fuel made from biological sources

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11
Q

fuel

A

substance that releases energy when burned with oxygen

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12
Q

what are two ways to produce ethanol

A

hydration of ethene
fermentation

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13
Q

symbol and word equation for fermentation

A

C6H12O6 -> C2H5OH + CO2
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
(exothermic process)

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14
Q

what is needed for fermentation to happen

A

enzyme- yeast (catalyst)
temperature- 30 degrees
anaerobic (absence of oxygen)

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15
Q

advantages of using fermentation

A

low energy needed (to not denature enzyme), renewable resource, cheaper,

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16
Q

disadvantages of using fermentation

A

The use of crops for fermentation could impact on food supply, not continuos process, requires impure product to be refined by fractional distillation as carbon dioxide also produced, slower

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17
Q

word and symbol eqaution for hydration of ethene

A

C2H4 + H2O -> C2H5OH
ethene + water -> ethanol

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18
Q

what is needed for hydration of ethene to take place

A

temp- 300 degrees
pressure- 60-70atm
catalyst- phosphoric cid

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19
Q

advantages of hydration of ethene compared to fermentation

A

continuos process, little input for human workers, yields pure ethanol, fast process

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20
Q

disadvantages of hydration of ethene compared to fermentation

A

uses high temp thus expensive, non renewable resource use fossil fuels

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21
Q

properties of ethanol

A

liquid at room temp, volatile, boiling point of 78 degrees, highly flammable, burns readily with oxygen with clean blue flame, releases a lot of heat energy when burned does not release soot, can be used as a solvent

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22
Q

uses for ethanol

A

used as a solvent, eg cosmetics (safe for human contact) or perfumes (diffuses quickly), fuel as combustion highly exothermic

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23
Q

why is ethanol used as a biofuel in brazil, what is a disadvantage

A

cheaper than gasoline, lots of land for agriculture such as sugar can, used to produce ethanol, low labor cost however because of land needed for agriculture, defloristtion takes place, realses co2, monoculture, not food for population consuming

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24
Q

what is a carboxylic acid

A

an organic compound containing a –COOH functional group

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25
Q

strong acid vs weak acids

A

strong-fully dissociates in aqueos solutions, weak partially

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26
Q

properties of carboxylic acids

A

very soluble in water, weak acid, characteristic smell

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27
Q

name first 5 carboxylic acid

A

methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic

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28
Q

two ways in which ethanoic acid can be made

A

both are via oxidation of ethanol
1. reacting ethanol with acidified aqueos potassium mangante
2. by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production

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29
Q

word equation and symbol for reacting ethanol with acidified aqueos potassium mangante

A

ethanol-> ethanoic acid
C2H6O -> CH3COOH

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30
Q

whats necessary for reaction of ethanol to becoem ethanoic acid,when using potassium mangante

A

100 degrees, KMnO4, H2SO4

31
Q

word and symbol equation for bacterial oxidation during vinegar production

A

ethanol + oxygen -> ethanoic acid + water
C2H6O + O2 -> CH3COOH +H2O

32
Q

what happens when metals react with acid

A

salt and hydrogen produced

33
Q

what happens when acid react with base

A

salt and water produced

34
Q

what happens when acid react with carbonate

A

salt, water, carbon dioxide produced

35
Q

ending of salts from carboxylic acids

A

…. methanoate
…. ethanoate
…..propanoate
…..butanoate
…..pentanoate

36
Q

symbol for ethnoic acid

A

CH3COOH

37
Q

explain a bit of process of making ethanoic acid from potassium mangante

A

Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 is a strong oxidising agent and is used in the presence of sulfuric acid and heat to produce ethanoic acid

38
Q

ester

A

An organic compound, containing a –COO– group, that is produced when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid.

39
Q

example of ester use

A

esters are fragrant so they are used as flavouring in food and in cosmetic products

40
Q

how are esters produced

A

reaction between carboxylic acids and alchols in presence of acid catalyst

41
Q

what is esterification

A

producing an ester

42
Q

what does the reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid produce

A

ethyl ethanoate and water

43
Q

process of creating an ester (bond breaking and making)

A

the C–O bond of the OH hydroxyl group in ethanoic acid breaks
the O–H bond in ethanol breaks
the two remaining parts from each molecule join together forming a C–O bond for the ester
OH and H combine to form water (a condensation reaction).

44
Q

symbol equation of production of ethyl ethanoate

A

CH3COOH + C2H6O -> H2O + C4H8O2

45
Q

how do you name esters?

A

you take the carboxylic acid name eg methanoic acid, and the alcohol name eg. propanol and use the start of the alcohol and the ending of the acid eg. propyl methanoate

46
Q

to form an ester what happens with the bonds in the carboxylic acid and the ones in the alcohol

A

in the alcohol, the hydrogen bond with oxygen from the OH, is removed
in the acid, the entirety of the OH bond from the C is removed
these are used to form H2O

47
Q

what are polymers

A

large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers

48
Q

what is polymerisation

A

the process in which small molecules called monomers become a polymer

49
Q

structure of polyamides

A

made from a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid

50
Q

structure of polyester

A

made from a diol and a dicarboxylic acid

51
Q

name of polymer made from ethene monomers

A

poly(ethene)

52
Q

what is addition polymerisation

A

When single units of an alkene (monomer) join together to form a very long chain (polymer). only forms one product

53
Q

what is an advantage of using PET?

A

it can be converted back into monomers and re-polymerised

54
Q

what is a repeat unit

A

The smallest section of a polymers structure that can accurately represent the whole molecule.

55
Q

describe proteins

A

natural polyamides, formed from amino acid monomers

56
Q

what are plastics made from

A

polymers

57
Q

how do you draw a repeat unit

A

you put brackets and a “n” outside the bracket, and break the double bond present in the alkene

58
Q

what happens in a condensation reaction?

A

two smaller molecules join to produce a larger molecule and a smaller molecule, usually water

59
Q

what is meant be biodigradble

A

The ability of materials to decompose by the action of microorganisms.

60
Q

two examples of condensation polymers

A

polyamides and polyesters

61
Q

what is a dicarboxylic acid

A

molecule containing two COOH groups

62
Q

what is a diamine

A

molecule containing two NH2 groups

63
Q

what is an amide link

A

chemical bond in polyamides
-CONH-

64
Q

what is a common polyester?

A

PET

65
Q

what is a diol

A

molecule containing two OH groups

66
Q

what is an ester link?

A

chemical bond in polyester
-COO-

67
Q

what is PET used for?

A

making drink bottles
making insulating fibres for clothing

68
Q

what can you do to waste PET?

A

convert it back to its monomers so it could be repolymerised (in order to make new PET products)

69
Q

land fill problem with plastic

A

waste materials buried in land fill, then covered with soil, however suitable land for this is becomign difficult to find, or fill up fast. as plastics break downsome particles can be washed out with ground water, this “leachate” contaminate near by rivers and lakes.

70
Q

general structure of amino acids

A

NH2 group and COOH group

71
Q

general structure of an amino acid (diagram)

A

the R stands for a side group

72
Q

what can R be in an amino acid, and what does it mean

A

R - side group
different amino acids have different side groups

73
Q

how is an amide link formed (amino acids)? what happens in this reaction?

A

COOH group on one monomer reacts with NH2 group on another monomer
molecule of water also eliminated

74
Q
A

chemistry igcse draft (16 decks)

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