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chemistry igcse draft > organic chemistry 1 > Flashcards

organic chemistry 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the fossil fuels

A

coal, natural gas and petroleum

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2
Q

what is the main constituent of natural gas

A

methane

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3
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

compounds only containg hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

what is petroleum

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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5
Q

how is petroleum seperated into useful fractions

A

through fractional distillation

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6
Q

what are the changing characteristics from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column

A

decreasing chain length, higher volatility, lower boiling points, lower viscosity

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7
Q

what is refinery gas used for

A

gas used in heating and cooking

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8
Q

what is gasoline/petrol used for

A

fuel used in cars

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9
Q

what is naptha used for

A

chemical feedstock

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10
Q

what is kerosene/paraffin used for

A

jet fuel

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11
Q

what is diesel oil/gas oil used for

A

fuel in diesel engines

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12
Q

what is fuel oil used for

A

ships and home heating systems

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13
Q

what is lubricating oil used for

A

lubricants, waxes and polishes

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14
Q

what is bitumen used for

A

for making roads

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15
Q

what is the order of products in the fractional distillation column bottom to top

A

bitumen, fuel oil, lubricating oil, diesel, kerosene, naphtha, petrol, refinery gas

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16
Q

what is a homolegues series

A

family of similiar compounds which have similiar chemical properties and have the same functional group, same general formula, trend in physical properties, differ from one member to teh next by a CH2 unit

17
Q

what is the general formula of alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

18
Q

what is the general formula of alkenes

A

Cn H2n

19
Q

what is a functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

20
Q

structural formula

A

an ambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged

21
Q

what is a saturated compound

A

has molecules in which all carbon carbon bonds are single bonds (alkanes)

22
Q

what is an unsaturated compound

A

has molecules which have at least one carbon carbon double bond (alkenesO

23
Q

what are fossil fuels

A

non renewable resources that when burned produce energy

24
Q

name the first 5 beginings of hydrocarbons

A

meth
eth
prop
but
pent

25
Q

what is isomerism

A

whem molecules have the same molecular formula but different displayed formula

26
Q

how can you distinguish between alkenes and alkanes

A

add browmine water, if it is an alkene goes from orange to colourless, else remains orange

27
Q

what happens when an alkane react with halogen

A
  • only reacts with presence of UV light, (photochemical reaction) because it provides activation energy needed
    -one of the hydrogens of the alkane is substituted by the halogen, and in addition produces another product of only a hydrogen and the halogen used
    eg:
    H-Br
    -called substituion
28
Q

what happens when an alkene react with halogen

A

-no UV light needed
-only has one product, both halogen atoms join onto hydrocarbon
-called adition

29
Q

what is the bonding in alkanes + properties

A

single covalent and are saturated hydrocarbons
generally unreactive except on terms of combustion and substiution with chlorine

30
Q

what is the bonding in alkenes

A

include a double carbon-carbon covalent bond and are unstaturated hydrocarbons

31
Q

describe properties of alkenes

A

react with bromineor aqueos bromine
react with hydrogen in presence of nickel catalyst
react with steam in presence of an acid catalyst
in general more reactive than alkanes

32
Q

how are alkenes and hydrogen manufactured

A

by the cracking of larger alkane molecules using high temp and a catalyst

33
Q

what is combustion

A

scientific word for burning in presence of oxygen and light energy is released during it

34
Q

give the formula for complete combustion

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
(both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised)

35
Q

what is incomplete combustion

A

combustion in the shortage of oxygen, instead of producing just carbon dioxide and water it produces carbon monoxide and/ or carbon (soot)
also releases less energy

36
Q

what is carbon monoxide

A

a colourless and odourless gas, it is poisonous and binds irreversibly with haemoglobin in your blood reducing ability of it to carry oxygen.

37
Q

what is cracking

A

the process that splits long chain alkanes into shorter chain alkanes and lakenes
useful becaus elong chain alkanes can be turned into short chain alkanes/alkenes that can be used for fuels or plastics

38
Q

what are the conditions for cracking to happen

A

very high temperature and aluminium oxide or ceramic catalyst

chemistry igcse draft (16 decks)

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