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chemistry > Organic Chemistry #2 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

difference of sigma bond to pi bond

A

sigma bond is head to head overlapping while pi bond is lateral overlapping (side to side)

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2
Q

why is pi bond weaker

A

due to zero electron density or NODE

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3
Q

two important orbitals in organic compounds

A

s and p orbitals

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4
Q

s and p orbitals have what shape

A

s - spherical

p - dumbbell

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5
Q

group of atoms responsible for the compound’s physical and chemical properties

A

functional group

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6
Q

functional group under hydrocarbons

A 
alkane
alkene
alkynes
aromatic
alkyl halide
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7
Q

functional groups under nitrogen containing aliphatic compound

A 
amides
amines
nitriles
isocyanate
nitrosamine
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8
Q

functional groups under sulfur containing

A

thiol

thioether: sandwich si sulfur

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9
Q

functional groups under carboxylic acid and derivatives

A

carboxylic acid (sat. monocarboxylic)
acid halides
acid anhydride
ester: acid + alcohol

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10
Q

addition of atoms to substrate where double bonds break

A

addition

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11
Q

elimination of atoms from the substrate to form double bond

A

elimination

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12
Q

combination of 2 molecules with elimination of smaller molecules like water

A

condensation

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13
Q

replacement of one atom from substrate to another

A

substitution

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14
Q

increase in bonding with oxygen while decrease in bonding with hydrogen

A

oxidation

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15
Q

decrease bonding with oxygen while increase in bonding with hydrogen

A

reduction

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16
Q

state some oxidizing agents

A

bayers reagent
jones reagent
strong acids such as H2SO4 & HNO3

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17
Q

state some reducing agents

A

wolff-kishner (NH2NH2 in KOH)
clemmensen reagent (Zn/Hg in HCl)
H2 with AlBH4 and NaBH4

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18
Q

alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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19
Q

alkene genera formula

A

CnH2n

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20
Q

alkyne general formula

A

CnH2n-2

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21
Q

why does linear alkanes have higher bp and mp than branched and cyclo alkanes?

A

due to its increased van der waals force of attraction (more electrons)

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22
Q

hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen air through heat to produce CO2 and H2O

A

combustion

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23
Q

hydrocarbons break into smaller molecules through heat

A

pyrolysis or pyrolytic cracking

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24
Q

halogen as catalyst is added through UV light to produce alkyl halides

A

halogenation

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25
Q

where bonded groups can exist in different orientation in space

A

geometric isomerism

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26
Q

cis-

A

bonded group on the same side

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27
Q

trans-

A

bonded group on opposite sides

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28
Q

which is more stable, cis or trans alkenes?

A

transalkenes

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29
Q

which has a higher boiling point, cis or trans alkenes?

A

cisalkenes

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30
Q

addition of H atom in double bonds to form alkane which requires one mole of H2 in nickel, palladium or platinum

A

hydrogenation

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31
Q

oxidative test which determines the presence of unsaturation

A

bayer’s test

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32
Q

oxidation cleavage to give carbonyl compounds, done through O3 (zone), zinc and acid as catalysts

A

ozonolysis

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33
Q

unsymmetrical reagent added to unsymmetrical double bond (meaning mayroong more and less substituted)

A

markovnikov addition

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34
Q

where does the electrophile and neutrophile attach to the unsymmetrical double bond in markovnikov?

A

electrophile attaches to the less substituted

neucleophile attaches to the more substituted since it gives stable CATIONS

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35
Q

angle & hybridization of tetrahedral

A

angle: 109.5
hybridization: sp3

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36
Q

angle & hybridization of trigonal planar

A

angle: 120
hybridization: sp2

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37
Q

angle & hybridization of linear

A

angle: 180
hybridization: sp

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38
Q

cyclic compound with alternating double or triple bonds

A

aromatic compounds

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39
Q

a type of substitution which involves two steps such as slow step or rate limiting

A

SN1 nucleophilic substitution

40
Q

in presence of double and triple bonds, the prefix used will now be

A

enyne

41
Q

in alkyne, if double and triple bond have same numbers, which to count first?

A

double bond but if not same numbers then always triple bond

42
Q

organic nonpolar solvents where organic compounds are soluble are

A

ether
hexane
carbon tetrachloride

“ECH”

43
Q

difference between internal alkynes and terminal alkynes

A

internal alkynes: triple bond located inside/within

terminal alkynes: triple bond head or end of the chain

44
Q

why is alkyne more reactive than alkene and why is alkene more reactive than alkane?

A

due to their pi bonds

45
Q

ozonolysis of alkenes produce what compounds?

A

carbonyl compounds & half of oxygen atom

46
Q

ozonolysis of alkynes produce what compounds?

A

carboxylic compounds if internal alkyne but carboxylic with carbon dioxide if terminal alkyne

47
Q

name of benzene ring if used as substituent

A

phenyl-

48
Q

name of nitrogen group as substituent

A

amino-

49
Q

name of alcohol group as substituent

A

hydroxy-

50
Q

name of ether group as subtituent

A

methoxy-

51
Q

disubstituted 1,2, 1,3 and 1,4

A

ortho
meta
para

52
Q

priority for determining the parent

A

toulene

53
Q

aromatic compounds are stable due to?

A

resonance-stabilization (lowered energy, increased electrons) of conjugated pi

54
Q

most aromatic compounds are said to be ___

A

carcinogenic like benzoapyrene which can cause DNA mutations

55
Q

this makes the aromatic compound less reactive and more resistant to chemical agents (stable)

A

resonance-stabilization

56
Q

rxn underwent by aromatic compounds under vigorous conditions

A

electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS)

57
Q

EAS is what kind of reaction?

A

this reaction is where the H atom of an aromatic compound is replaced by a strong electrophilic atom

58
Q

EAS rxn where H atom is replaced with sulfur

A

sulfonation

59
Q

EAS rxn where H atom is replaced with nitrogen

A

nitration

60
Q

EAS rxn where H atom is replaced with halogen

A

halogenation

61
Q

EAS rxn where H atom is replaced with alkyl

A

Friedel-Crafts alkylation

62
Q

nucleophilic that donates electron have what orientation (monosubstituted benzene)

A

ortho and para

such as OH, OR, NH, R

63
Q

electrophilic that accepts electron have what orientation (monosubstituted benzene)

A

meta

X, COOH, NH2 and such

64
Q

difference of alkylation and acylation

A

alkylation: RX, AlX3
acylation: RCX, AlX3

65
Q

alcohols are: polar or non-polar

A

polar

66
Q

why do alcohols have higher bp than other hydrocarbons

A

due to their OH group which is responsible for forming hydrogen bonds

67
Q

increase in OH also increases in

A

polarity and boiling point

68
Q

increase in alkyl

A

decreases in both polarity and bp

69
Q

rxns where alcohols undergo

A

(ODC) oxidation, condensation and dehydration

70
Q

in OXIDATION in alcohols, what happens to primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?

A

primary: oxidized to carbonyl -> carboxylic acid
secondary: carbonyl
tertiary: unreactive/wala lang

71
Q

in using strong oxidizing agents, which classification of alcohols are affected

A

primary and secondary are affected and oxidized to carboxylic or ketones

72
Q

what are the strong oxidizing agents

A

jones, bayers, strong acids (nitric acid and sulfuric acid)

73
Q

what is the weak oxidizing agent

A

rosemund reagent (pcc)

74
Q

what happens when weak oxidizing agent is used

A

selective primary alcohols are oxidized into aldehydes

75
Q

removal of H2O to form a stable alkene

A

dehydration

76
Q

ketone as substituent is named as

A

oxo-

77
Q

polar functional groups

A

alcohol, ether, carbonyl groups such as aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acid

78
Q

carbonyl undergoes what reactions

A

oxidation
reduction
nucleophile addition

79
Q

oxidation of aldehydes in carbonyl group produces

A

carboxylic acid

80
Q

oxidation of ketones in carbonyl group produces

A

wala pi xD

81
Q

tests under oxidation in carbonyl group

A

tollens, fehlings, benedicts

82
Q

what is tollens test

A

where silver nitrate in ammonia forms silver mirror

83
Q

what is benedicts test

A

basic cupric sulfate (NaOH) forms red precipitate

84
Q

what is fehlings test

A

cupric sulfate in rochelle salt produces red precipitate like benedicts

85
Q

reagents used in reducing aldehydes and ketones

A

grignard reagent
sodium borohydride
lithium aluminum hydride

86
Q

nucleophilic compound like alcohol is added to a carbonyl group

A

nucleophilic addition

87
Q

to add more alcohol in nucleophilic addition, what must be given by the carbonyl groups?

A

hemiacetal and hemiketal

88
Q

addition of another alcohol must yield ____________ in nucleophilic addition?

A

acetal and ketal

89
Q

electrophilic/electron loving has _______ acidity to _________

A

increasing, to stabilize carboxylate anion

90
Q

nucleophilic/proton loving has ______ acidity to _______

A

decreased, to destabilized carboxylate anion

91
Q

strength of acidity of carboxylic/carboxylate anion can be measured through?

A

kPa or dissociated constant

92
Q

reactions of carboxylic acid

A

condensation

93
Q

which reagent produces amide

A

carboxylic acid + amine

94
Q

which reagent produces ester

A

acid + alcohol

95
Q

acid + thionyl chloride

A

acid chloride

96
Q

carboxylic + carboxylic produces ________

A

acid anhydride

97
Q

esters are named as:

A

alkyl alkanoate

chemistry (7 decks)

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