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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of compounds that contain carbon.

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A finite resource found in rocks that is the remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton buried in mud.

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3
Q

What type of mixture is crude oil?

A

A complex mixture of a very large number of compounds.

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

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5
Q

What percentage of compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons?

A

Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

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6
Q

What is the process of refining crude oil?

A

Separating the crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures by the process of fractional distillation.

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7
Q

What is a fraction in the context of crude oil?

A

Compounds which have similar boiling points.

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8
Q

What do fractions contain?

A

Hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms.

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9
Q

What can fractions from crude oil be processed to produce?

A

Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

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10
Q

True or False: Many of the fuels we depend on for our modern lifestyle are produced from crude oil.

A

True.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Crude oil is a _______ resource that is found in rocks.

A

finite

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12
Q

What are some materials produced by the petrochemical industry?

A

Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents

These materials are essential for modern life.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of a fractionating column?

A

To separate different fractions of crude oil based on boiling points

It allows for the collection of various hydrocarbons at different levels.

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14
Q

What is the first step in the method of fractional distillation?

A

The crude oil is heated in a furnace, causing it to evaporate

This is the initial phase of the separation process.

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15
Q

What happens to the vapor in the fractionating column?

A

It rises up the column, which is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top

This temperature gradient aids in the condensation of different fractions.

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16
Q

What determines when a molecule condenses in the fractionating column?

A

When it reaches its boiling point

This allows for the collection of fractions at different levels.

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17
Q

How do the boiling points of hydrocarbons relate to their molecular size?

A

Shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points; longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points

This is due to the strength of intermolecular forces.

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18
Q

Which fraction has the lowest boiling point?

A

Refinery gas

It contains the shortest molecules.

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19
Q

Which fraction is very difficult to ignite?

A

Bitumen

It has the longest molecules and the highest boiling point.

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20
Q

What property distinguishes refinery gas from bitumen?

A

Refinery gas is not viscous; bitumen is very viscous

Viscosity affects the flow and application of these substances.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The boiling point increases as the molecules get _______.

A

bigger

Larger molecules have more intermolecular forces.

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22
Q

True or False: The more carbon atoms a hydrocarbon has, the lower its boiling point.

A

False

More carbon atoms generally lead to a higher boiling point.

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23
Q

What type of gas is produced for cooking purposes from crude oil?

A

Propane, methane, butane

These gases are part of the refinery gas fraction.

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24
Q

What is kerosene commonly used for?

A

Fuel for planes

It is one of the fractions derived from crude oil.

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25
Q

What is the end product of fractional distillation that is used for roads?

A

Bitumen

It is used in the construction of tarmac.

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26
Q

What is a fuel?

A

A fuel is a substance that when burned, releases heat energy.

Fuels can be natural (like wood) or synthetic (like gasoline).

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27
Q

What characterizes members of the same homologous series?

A

Members of the same homologous series:
* Have the same general formula
* Have similar chemical properties
* Show a gradual variation in physical properties
* Differ by CH from neighbouring compounds

Homologous series include alkanes and alkenes.

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28
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

C„H2n+2 when n = number of carbons.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

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29
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of alkanes?

A

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.

They have no functional group.

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30
Q

List the prefixes used for naming hydrocarbons based on the number of carbons.

A
  • Meth - 1 carbon
  • Eth - 2 carbons
  • Prop - 3 carbons
  • But - 4 carbons

These prefixes help in identifying and naming different hydrocarbons.

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31
Q

True or False: Alkenes are saturated hydrocarbons.

A

False

Alkenes contain at least one double bond, making them unsaturated.

32
Q

What are two examples of homologous series?

A

Alkanes and alkenes.

Both are types of hydrocarbons.

33
Q

What type of bonding do alkanes have?

A

Covalent bonding

34
Q

What type of structure do alkanes possess?

A

Simple covalent (molecular) structure

35
Q

Why do alkanes have low boiling points?

A

They are simple covalent molecules with intermolecular forces that require little energy to overcome

36
Q

What is the process of combustion?

A

Burning a compound in oxygen

37
Q

What is released during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?

A

Energy

38
Q

What happens to carbon and hydrogen during combustion?

A

They are oxidised

39
Q

Complete combustion of an alkane produces which two products?

A
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Water
40
Q

Write the equation for complete combustion of an alkane.

A

Alkane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

41
Q

What occurs during incomplete combustion?

A

Not a plentiful supply of oxygen

42
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Water
  • Some carbon (soot)
43
Q

Write the equation for incomplete combustion of an alkane.

A

Alkane + Limited Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Water

44
Q

What is a major environmental issue caused by the combustion of fuels?

A

Major source of atmospheric pollutants

45
Q

What is a product of combustion that is a greenhouse gas?

A

Carbon dioxide (COz)

Carbon dioxide is thought to increase global warming and climate change.

46
Q

What is the toxic gas that binds with hemoglobin in the blood?

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.

47
Q

What are solid particles produced by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons called?

A

Particulates

These include substances like soot.

48
Q

What gas is produced when fuels that contain sulphur are combusted?

A

Sulphur dioxide (SOz)

Sulphur dioxide can contribute to acid rain.

49
Q

What are the nitrogen oxides produced during combustion?

A

Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NOz)

High temperatures in car engines provide enough energy for nitrogen and oxygen to react.

50
Q

How is carbon dioxide formed during combustion?

A

When combustion of fuels happens in a plentiful supply of oxygen.

Complete combustion results in carbon dioxide.

51
Q

How is carbon monoxide formed during combustion?

A

When combustion of fuels happens in limited oxygen and is incomplete.

Incomplete combustion leads to the production of carbon monoxide.

52
Q

What health problems can carbon monoxide cause?

A

Toxic effects due to reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood

This can lead to serious health issues.

53
Q

What is global dimming?

A

A phenomenon caused by particulates in the atmosphere

It can lead to reduced sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface.

54
Q

What respiratory problems can nitrogen oxides cause?

A

Respiratory problems in humans

Nitrogen oxides can also contribute to the formation of acid rain.

55
Q

What acid is formed when nitrogen oxides react with oxygen and water?

A

Nitric acid

This is another type of acid rain.

56
Q

What is formed when sulphur dioxide reacts with water?

A

Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid is a major component in acid rain.

57
Q

What is the purpose of cracking in hydrocarbon processing?

A

To produce smaller, more useful molecules from larger hydrocarbons.

58
Q

What are two methods of cracking?

A
  • Steam Cracking
  • Catalytic Cracking
59
Q

What is the approximate high temperature for steam cracking?

A

1000°C

60
Q

What is the approximate high temperature for catalytic cracking?

A

550°C

61
Q

What type of pressure is used in steam cracking?

A

Slight pressure

62
Q

What type of pressure is used in catalytic cracking?

A

High pressure

63
Q

What is required for catalytic cracking that is not required for steam cracking?

A

A catalyst

64
Q

What is produced when an alkane is cracked?

A

A smaller alkane and an alkene

65
Q

What must be true when writing cracking equations?

A

The total number of hydrogens and carbons must be the same on both sides.

66
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CH₂n

67
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

The C = C double bond

68
Q

Why are alkenes considered unsaturated?

A

They have a carbon-carbon double bond.

69
Q

Why is there no alkene containing one carbon?

A

There must be at least two carbons to form a C-C double bond.

70
Q

True or False: Methene is an alkene.

A

False

71
Q

What makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

The presence of the C = C double bond

This double bond allows alkenes to react more readily with other substances compared to alkanes, which only have single bonds.

72
Q

What are the combustion products of alkenes?

A

The same products as alkanes during both complete and incomplete combustion

Alkenes combust to produce carbon dioxide and water in complete combustion, and carbon monoxide and soot in incomplete combustion.

73
Q

How do the flames of burning alkenes compare to those of alkanes?

A

Alkenes burn with smokier flames than alkanes

Smoky flames indicate incomplete combustion, which is more common with alkenes due to their C = C double bond.

74
Q

Why is complete combustion harder to achieve with alkenes?

A

Their C = C double bond is harder to overcome

This difficulty leads to a higher likelihood of incomplete combustion occurring with alkenes.

75
Q

What is a test to determine if an organic chemical is an alkene?

A

Add bromine water to the chemical

If it immediately changes from orange to colourless, a C=C double bond is present, indicating it is an alkene.

Chemistry (16 decks)

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