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Chemistry > Chemistry fundamentals > Flashcards

Chemistry fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

What does the state symbol (aq) represent?

A

Aqueous solutions

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3
Q

What is the state symbol for solid?

A

S

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4
Q

What is the state symbol for liquid?

A

L

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5
Q

What is the state symbol for gas?

A

G

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6
Q

How are the particles arranged in a solid?

A

Close together, regular pattern

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7
Q

How are the particles arranged in a liquid?

A

Quite close together, random pattern

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8
Q

How are the particles arranged in a gas?

A

Far apart, random pattern

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9
Q

Describe the movement of particles in a solid.

A

Vibrate in a fixed position

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10
Q

Describe the movement of particles in a liquid.

A

Move randomly and quite quickly

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11
Q

Describe the movement of particles in a gas.

A

Move randomly and very quickly

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12
Q

What is the strength of forces between particles in a solid?

A

Strong forces

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13
Q

What is the strength of forces between particles in a liquid?

A

Quite weak forces

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14
Q

What is the strength of forces between particles in a gas?

A

Very weak forces

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15
Q

What is the particle energy level in a solid?

A

Low

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16
Q

What is the particle energy level in a liquid?

A

Middle

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17
Q

What is the particle energy level in a gas?

A

High

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18
Q

What happens at the boiling point?

A

Boiling or condensing

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19
Q

What happens at the melting point?

A

Freezing or melting

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The three states of matter can be represented by a simple model where particles are shown as _______.

A

Large 2D circles

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21
Q

What is a limitation of the particle model?

A

No forces of attraction; particles are not solid or spheres

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22
Q

What determines the melting and boiling points of different substances?

A

The strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles

Stronger forces require more energy to change states.

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23
Q

What happens to energy during the melting process?

A

Energy is used to break forces between particles in the solid

This allows particles to move freely as a liquid.

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24
Q

What is the role of energy in the heating curve?

A

Energy goes in to make the particles move faster

This increases the kinetic energy of the particles.

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25
Q

At what point can particles escape from the liquid as a gas?

A

When particles have enough kinetic energy

This occurs at the boiling point.

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26
Q

What is the smallest part of an element that can exist?

A

An atom

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.

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27
Q

What are substances made from?

A

Elements

All substances consist of one or more elements.

28
Q

How are atoms of each element represented?

A

By a chemical symbol

Each element has a unique symbol.

29
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more different elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions

Compounds can be represented by formulae.

30
Q

How can compounds be separated into elements?

A

By chemical reactions

Physical means cannot separate compounds.

31
Q

What always occurs during a chemical reaction?

A

The formation of one or more new substances

This often involves a detectable energy change.

32
Q

What can chemical reactions be represented by?

A

Word equations or equations using symbols and formulae

Both representations convey the same information.

33
Q

What must be true about symbol equations?

A

They are balanced in terms of atoms of each element involved on both sides

This reflects the conservation of mass.

34
Q

Define an element.

A

A substance which contains only one type of atom

Elements cannot be broken down into any simpler substance.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: Energy is _______ during the cooling process.

A

given out

This results in a decrease in kinetic energy of the particles.

36
Q

Fill in the blank: Compounds are formed from elements by _______.

A

chemical reactions

This process involves bonding between different atoms.

37
Q

What does the conservation of mass state?

A

No atoms are made or lost during a chemical reaction, so the total mass of the products equals the total mass of the reactants.

38
Q

What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction?

A

The atoms are rearranged; the total number of atoms or the element does not change.

39
Q

Why might reactions appear to involve a change in mass?

A

A reactant or a product is a gas and its mass hasn’t been taken into account for one of the measurements.

40
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.

41
Q

Do the chemical properties of substances in a mixture change?

A

No, the chemical properties of each substance are unchanged.

42
Q

How can mixtures be separated?

A

By physical processes such as filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation, and fractional distillation.

43
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

To separate an insoluble solid from a mixture of that solid and a liquid.

44
Q

What is crystallisation?

A

A process to produce crystals of a solute from the solution it was dissolved in.

45
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

A method for separating a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids.

46
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Like simple distillation, but used to collect all the liquids, especially useful for separating liquids with close boiling points.

47
Q

What is the everyday meaning of ‘pure’?

A

A single substance coming from one source with no other substance added.

48
Q

What is the chemical meaning of ‘pure’?

A

A substance that contains only a single type of element or single type of compound, not mixed with any other substance.

49
Q

What are the melting and boiling point characteristics of pure substances?

A

They have a sharp melting point and melt and boil at specific temperatures.

50
Q

How do mixtures differ in terms of melting and boiling points?

A

Mixtures melt and boil over a range of temperatures.

51
Q

What is a formulation?

A

A mixture designed to produce a useful product.

52
Q

Why are formulations considered complex?

A

Each chemical component has a specific purpose - made by mixing the components in a desired ratio to ensure that the product has the desired properties.

53
Q

What are formulations made of?

A

Mixing components in a desired ratio

54
Q

Provide examples of formulations.

A
  • Fuels
  • Paints
  • Drugs
  • Alloys
  • Food
55
Q

What is a composite?

A

Made of two materials: a matrix and reinforcement

56
Q

What role does the matrix play in a composite?

A

Binds together the reinforcement

57
Q

What is the function of the reinforcement in a composite?

A

Strengthens the material

58
Q

How do composites differ from mixtures?

A

Individual material components remain separate and distinct

59
Q

List examples of composites.

A
  • Glass-ceramics
  • Fibreglass
  • MDF
  • Concrete
60
Q

What technique can be used to separate mixtures?

A

Chromatography

61
Q

What are the two phases involved in chromatography?

A
  • Stationary phase
  • Mobile phase
62
Q

What does the separation in chromatography depend on?

A

Distribution of substances between the phases

63
Q

What will a pure compound produce in chromatography?

A

A single spot in all solvents

64
Q

What does it indicate if a spot doesn’t move at all in chromatography?

A

It is insoluble in the solvent used

65
Q

Fill in the blank: The Rf value is expressed as the ratio of the distance moved by a compound to the distance moved by the _______.

A

solvent

66
Q

What is the formula for calculating Rf value?

A

Rf value = distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent

Chemistry (16 decks)

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