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Chemistry fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

What does the state symbol (aq) represent?

A

Aqueous solutions

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3
Q

What is the state symbol for solid?

A

S

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4
Q

What is the state symbol for liquid?

A

L

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5
Q

What is the state symbol for gas?

A

G

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6
Q

How are the particles arranged in a solid?

A

Close together, regular pattern

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7
Q

How are the particles arranged in a liquid?

A

Quite close together, random pattern

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8
Q

How are the particles arranged in a gas?

A

Far apart, random pattern

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9
Q

Describe the movement of particles in a solid.

A

Vibrate in a fixed position

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10
Q

Describe the movement of particles in a liquid.

A

Move randomly and quite quickly

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11
Q

Describe the movement of particles in a gas.

A

Move randomly and very quickly

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12
Q

What is the strength of forces between particles in a solid?

A

Strong forces

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13
Q

What is the strength of forces between particles in a liquid?

A

Quite weak forces

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14
Q

What is the strength of forces between particles in a gas?

A

Very weak forces

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15
Q

What is the particle energy level in a solid?

A

Low

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16
Q

What is the particle energy level in a liquid?

A

Middle

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17
Q

What is the particle energy level in a gas?

A

High

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18
Q

What happens at the boiling point?

A

Boiling or condensing

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19
Q

What happens at the melting point?

A

Freezing or melting

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The three states of matter can be represented by a simple model where particles are shown as _______.

A

Large 2D circles

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21
Q

What is a limitation of the particle model?

A

No forces of attraction; particles are not solid or spheres

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22
Q

What determines the melting and boiling points of different substances?

A

The strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles

Stronger forces require more energy to change states.

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23
Q

What happens to energy during the melting process?

A

Energy is used to break forces between particles in the solid

This allows particles to move freely as a liquid.

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24
Q

What is the role of energy in the heating curve?

A

Energy goes in to make the particles move faster

This increases the kinetic energy of the particles.

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25
At what point can particles escape from the liquid as a gas?
When particles have enough kinetic energy ## Footnote This occurs at the boiling point.
26
What is the smallest part of an element that can exist?
An atom ## Footnote Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
27
What are substances made from?
Elements ## Footnote All substances consist of one or more elements.
28
How are atoms of each element represented?
By a chemical symbol ## Footnote Each element has a unique symbol.
29
What is a compound?
Two or more different elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions ## Footnote Compounds can be represented by formulae.
30
How can compounds be separated into elements?
By chemical reactions ## Footnote Physical means cannot separate compounds.
31
What always occurs during a chemical reaction?
The formation of one or more new substances ## Footnote This often involves a detectable energy change.
32
What can chemical reactions be represented by?
Word equations or equations using symbols and formulae ## Footnote Both representations convey the same information.
33
What must be true about symbol equations?
They are balanced in terms of atoms of each element involved on both sides ## Footnote This reflects the conservation of mass.
34
Define an element.
A substance which contains only one type of atom ## Footnote Elements cannot be broken down into any simpler substance.
35
Fill in the blank: Energy is _______ during the cooling process.
given out ## Footnote This results in a decrease in kinetic energy of the particles.
36
Fill in the blank: Compounds are formed from elements by _______.
chemical reactions ## Footnote This process involves bonding between different atoms.
37
What does the conservation of mass state?
No atoms are made or lost during a chemical reaction, so the total mass of the products equals the total mass of the reactants.
38
What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction?
The atoms are rearranged; the total number of atoms or the element does not change.
39
Why might reactions appear to involve a change in mass?
A reactant or a product is a gas and its mass hasn't been taken into account for one of the measurements.
40
What is a mixture?
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
41
Do the chemical properties of substances in a mixture change?
No, the chemical properties of each substance are unchanged.
42
How can mixtures be separated?
By physical processes such as filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation, and fractional distillation.
43
What is filtration used for?
To separate an insoluble solid from a mixture of that solid and a liquid.
44
What is crystallisation?
A process to produce crystals of a solute from the solution it was dissolved in.
45
What is simple distillation?
A method for separating a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids.
46
What is fractional distillation?
Like simple distillation, but used to collect all the liquids, especially useful for separating liquids with close boiling points.
47
What is the everyday meaning of 'pure'?
A single substance coming from one source with no other substance added.
48
What is the chemical meaning of 'pure'?
A substance that contains only a single type of element or single type of compound, not mixed with any other substance.
49
What are the melting and boiling point characteristics of pure substances?
They have a sharp melting point and melt and boil at specific temperatures.
50
How do mixtures differ in terms of melting and boiling points?
Mixtures melt and boil over a range of temperatures.
51
What is a formulation?
A mixture designed to produce a useful product.
52
Why are formulations considered complex?
Each chemical component has a specific purpose - made by mixing the components in a desired ratio to ensure that the product has the desired properties.
53
What are formulations made of?
Mixing components in a desired ratio
54
Provide examples of formulations.
* Fuels * Paints * Drugs * Alloys * Food
55
What is a composite?
Made of two materials: a matrix and reinforcement
56
What role does the matrix play in a composite?
Binds together the reinforcement
57
What is the function of the reinforcement in a composite?
Strengthens the material
58
How do composites differ from mixtures?
Individual material components remain separate and distinct
59
List examples of composites.
* Glass-ceramics * Fibreglass * MDF * Concrete
60
What technique can be used to separate mixtures?
Chromatography
61
What are the two phases involved in chromatography?
* Stationary phase * Mobile phase
62
What does the separation in chromatography depend on?
Distribution of substances between the phases
63
What will a pure compound produce in chromatography?
A single spot in all solvents
64
What does it indicate if a spot doesn't move at all in chromatography?
It is insoluble in the solvent used
65
Fill in the blank: The Rf value is expressed as the ratio of the distance moved by a compound to the distance moved by the _______.
solvent
66
What is the formula for calculating Rf value?
Rf value = distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent

Chemistry (16 decks)

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