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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

organic

A

compounds containing carbon as the main component (also H,O)

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2
Q

hydro carbons

A

compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only

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3
Q

homoglous series

A

groups of chemicals with the same general formula, a pattern of physical properties, similar properties.

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4
Q

what is an alkane

A

it is a hydrocarbon containing only single bonds

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5
Q

what is the general formula for an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

how do you know how many carbons there are in an alkane

A

the root of the name tells us

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7
Q

no. of carbons in alkanes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

A

root in alkane name
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

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8
Q

physical properties of an alkane

A

covalent discrete
- are oils
- the larger the molecules the more IMFs so the higher the tempreture
- viscosity, larger molecules are more viscous
-volatility, smaller the molecules the more volatile
- colour: small= colourless, medium=yellow, large=black

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9
Q

what is viscosity

A

the resistance to flow

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10
Q

what is volatility

A

the ease of turning into a gas

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11
Q

empirical formula

A

the lowest ratio of elements within a compound

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12
Q

molecular

A

the number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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13
Q

structural

A

the atoms connected to each C atom, listed in order

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14
Q

displayed

A

the exact bonds connecting each atom in a molecule

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15
Q

general

A

the mathematical equation that can be used to determine the number of one element compared to another

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16
Q

isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms (different structural formula) and different physical properties

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17
Q

what is the root in isomers

A

the longest chain of carbons

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18
Q

measuring enthalpy change of HCL + Mg

A
  1. measure 10cm3 of HCL into a calorimeter
  2. measure 0.30g - 0.50g of Mg
  3. record initial temp. of acid
  4. add Mg to HCL and start timing
  5. record temp. every 15s until it has been decreasing for 45s
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19
Q

what 3 types of reactions do alkanes undergo

A

substitution
decomposition
combustion

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19
Q

why are alkanes generally unreactive

A

they contain only strong covalent bonds (saturated). energy need to be provided to cause a reaction (Ea)

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19
Q

how can energy be provided as for alkanes reactions

A

heat
light
electricity

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20
Q

substitution with halogens

A

requires UV light
alkane + halogen —-> haloalkane + hydrogen halide

21
Q

complete combustion reaction

A

alkane + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

22
Q

incomplete combustion reaction

A

alkane + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water

23
Q

decomposition (cracking)

A

heat - 300c
catalyst - Al2O3
SiO2
C16H34 —-> C9H20 + C7H14

24
Q

general formula for an alkene

A

CnH2n

25
Q

alkene

A

hydrocarbons containing atleast one C=C

26
Q

Physical properties of an alkene

A

same as alkane
only the mpt/bpt is lower because they have fewer IMFs

27
Q

chemical properties of an alkene

A

bonding a is strong whereas bonding b is weak in a double bond. this causes the bonding b to break easily allowing addition reactions to take place.

28
Q

what is polymerisation

A

is a reaction involving alkenes
addition reaction
ethene —> polyethene
product does not have any c=c

29
Q

physical properties of polymers

A

low mpt.
discrete covalent
do not conduct
insoluble in water
soluble in oil

30
Q

chemical properties of polymers

A

unreactive (saturated) except for substitution or decomposition

31
Q

method 1 of manufacturing ethanol

A

direct hydration of ethene
ethene + water —> ethanol
addition/hydration reaction

32
Q

what is ethanol used for

A

disinfectant
as a solvent

33
Q

advantages of method 1 of manufacturing ethanol

A

continuous process (continues to the product)
makes the pure product, no separation required

34
Q

disadvantages of method 1 of manufacturing ethanol

A

high energy demand
non-renewable
ethene needs manufacturing
expensive

35
Q

method 2 for manufacturing of ethanol

A

fermentation of sugars
sugar —(yeast)—>ethanol + CO2
we use fruits for the sugar

36
Q

advantages for method 2 for manufacturing of ethanol

A

low energy required
can drink, because it has fermented sugars in it (not pure, flavoured ethanol
renewable

37
Q

disadvantages method 2 for manufacturing of ethanol

A

batch process (opposite of continuous)
not pure ethanol, if it is above 15% then it kills the yeast (distillation can be used to increase the concentration)

38
Q

what is crude oil

A

is a mixture of alkanes which formed from the remains of sea creatures which have reacted to form organic compounds
it is a mixture of 1000s of miscible substance all with different boiling points

39
Q

laboratory separation

A

fractional distillation
heat in intervals of 40 degrees
otherwise it takes to long to separate them all
this separates them into mixtures with similar bpt.

40
Q

what does R represent in a compound

A

any chemical

41
Q

what is a reflux

A

to oxidide an alcohol you need to heat it up using a reflux. this stops the alcohol evaporation. this is so it has time to react

42
Q

what are polymers

A

long chain of 1000s of small alkene molecules joined together
often used as plastic

43
Q

how do alkenes react

A

by breaking the weakest bond in the double bond

44
Q

how do you dispose plastic

A

in a landfill
of by burning
but best is to recycle

45
Q

what makes alcohols different from alkanes

A

contain OH

46
Q

how do we make alcohols

A

alkene + water

47
Q

what does the capital R represent in a displayed formula

A

any chemical

48
Q

how are esters formed

A

by reacting alcohols with carboxylic acids
reaction is called condensation
two molecules are made and one water molecule is removed

49
Q

how to name esters

A

name of alcohol but prefix (yle) + name of acid but with suffix oate

50
Q

how can u increase esterification

A

using a catalyst= concentrated H2SO4
increase the temp(70)
use reflux for temp

51
Q

how do you make polyesters

A

dicarboxylic acid + dialcohol
(diol) (dioic)

52
Q

how are condensation polymers formed

A

from two types of monomers

chemistry (10 decks)

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