organic chemistry

Question 1

organic

Answer 1

compounds containing carbon as the main component (also H,O)

Question 2

hydro carbons

Answer 2

compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only

Question 3

homoglous series

Answer 3

groups of chemicals with the same general formula, a pattern of physical properties, similar properties.

Question 4

what is an alkane

Answer 4

it is a hydrocarbon containing only single bonds

Question 5

what is the general formula for an alkane

Answer 5

CnH2n+2

Question 6

how do you know how many carbons there are in an alkane

Answer 6

the root of the name tells us

Question 7

no. of carbons in alkanes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Answer 7

root in alkane name
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

Question 8

physical properties of an alkane

Answer 8

covalent discrete
- are oils
- the larger the molecules the more IMFs so the higher the tempreture
- viscosity, larger molecules are more viscous
-volatility, smaller the molecules the more volatile
- colour: small= colourless, medium=yellow, large=black

Question 9

what is viscosity

Answer 9

the resistance to flow

Question 10

what is volatility

Answer 10

the ease of turning into a gas

Question 11

empirical formula

Answer 11

the lowest ratio of elements within a compound

Question 12

molecular

Answer 12

the number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 13

structural

Answer 13

the atoms connected to each C atom, listed in order

Question 14

displayed

Answer 14

the exact bonds connecting each atom in a molecule

Question 15

general

Answer 15

the mathematical equation that can be used to determine the number of one element compared to another

Question 16

isomers

Answer 16

compounds with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms (different structural formula) and different physical properties

Question 17

what is the root in isomers

Answer 17

the longest chain of carbons

Question 18

measuring enthalpy change of HCL + Mg

Answer 18

1. measure 10cm3 of HCL into a calorimeter
2. measure 0.30g - 0.50g of Mg
3. record initial temp. of acid
4. add Mg to HCL and start timing
5. record temp. every 15s until it has been decreasing for 45s

Question 19

what 3 types of reactions do alkanes undergo

Answer 19

substitution
decomposition
combustion

Question 19

why are alkanes generally unreactive

Answer 19

they contain only strong covalent bonds (saturated). energy need to be provided to cause a reaction (Ea)

Question 19

how can energy be provided as for alkanes reactions

Answer 19

heat
light
electricity

Question 20

substitution with halogens

Answer 20

requires UV light
alkane + halogen —-> haloalkane + hydrogen halide

Question 21

complete combustion reaction

Answer 21

alkane + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

Question 22

incomplete combustion reaction

Answer 22

alkane + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water

Question 23

decomposition (cracking)

Answer 23

heat - 300c catalyst - Al2O3 SiO2 C16H34 ----> C9H20 + C7H14

Question 24

general formula for an alkene

Answer 24

CnH2n

Question 25

alkene

Answer 25

hydrocarbons containing atleast one C=C

Question 26

Physical properties of an alkene

Answer 26

same as alkane only the mpt/bpt is lower because they have fewer IMFs

Question 27

chemical properties of an alkene

Answer 27

bonding a is strong whereas bonding b is weak in a double bond. this causes the bonding b to break easily allowing addition reactions to take place.

Question 28

what is polymerisation

Answer 28

is a reaction involving alkenes addition reaction ethene ---> polyethene product does not have any c=c

Question 29

physical properties of polymers

Answer 29

low mpt. discrete covalent do not conduct insoluble in water soluble in oil

Question 30

chemical properties of polymers

Answer 30

unreactive (saturated) except for substitution or decomposition

Question 31

method 1 of manufacturing ethanol

Answer 31

direct hydration of ethene ethene + water ---> ethanol addition/hydration reaction

Question 32

what is ethanol used for

Answer 32

disinfectant as a solvent

Question 33

advantages of method 1 of manufacturing ethanol

Answer 33

continuous process (continues to the product) makes the pure product, no separation required

Question 34

disadvantages of method 1 of manufacturing ethanol

Answer 34

high energy demand non-renewable ethene needs manufacturing expensive

Question 35

method 2 for manufacturing of ethanol

Answer 35

fermentation of sugars sugar ---(yeast)--->ethanol + CO2 we use fruits for the sugar

Question 36

advantages for method 2 for manufacturing of ethanol

Answer 36

low energy required can drink, because it has fermented sugars in it (not pure, flavoured ethanol renewable

Question 37

disadvantages method 2 for manufacturing of ethanol

Answer 37

batch process (opposite of continuous) not pure ethanol, if it is above 15% then it kills the yeast (distillation can be used to increase the concentration)

Question 38

what is crude oil

Answer 38

is a mixture of alkanes which formed from the remains of sea creatures which have reacted to form organic compounds it is a mixture of 1000s of miscible substance all with different boiling points

Question 39

laboratory separation

Answer 39

fractional distillation heat in intervals of 40 degrees otherwise it takes to long to separate them all this separates them into mixtures with similar bpt.

Question 40

what does R represent in a compound

Answer 40

any chemical

Question 41

what is a reflux

Answer 41

to oxidide an alcohol you need to heat it up using a reflux. this stops the alcohol evaporation. this is so it has time to react

Question 42

what are polymers

Answer 42

long chain of 1000s of small alkene molecules joined together often used as plastic

Question 43

how do alkenes react

Answer 43

by breaking the weakest bond in the double bond

Question 44

how do you dispose plastic

Answer 44

in a landfill of by burning but best is to recycle

Question 45

what makes alcohols different from alkanes

Answer 45

contain OH

Question 46

how do we make alcohols

Answer 46

alkene + water

Question 47

what does the capital R represent in a displayed formula

Answer 47

any chemical

Question 48

how are esters formed

Answer 48

by reacting alcohols with carboxylic acids reaction is called condensation two molecules are made and one water molecule is removed

Question 49

how to name esters

Answer 49

name of alcohol but prefix (yle) + name of acid but with suffix oate

Question 50

how can u increase esterification

Answer 50

using a catalyst= concentrated H2SO4 increase the temp(70) use reflux for temp

Question 51

how do you make polyesters

Answer 51

dicarboxylic acid + dialcohol (diol) (dioic)

Question 52

how are condensation polymers formed

Answer 52

from two types of monomers